Production of ferroalloys in rotary tilting furnaces

The article presents an analysis of methods that can be used for low‑tonnage production of ferromanganese, ferrosilicon and other ferroalloys in the conditions of a machine‑building enterprise using its own waste, including dispersed. It is proposed to carry out the production of ferroalloys in rotary tilting furnaces (RNP) of a new generation, which have maximum efficiency when heating and melting dispersed materials, allow active oxidation and reduction processes and are able to provide the necessary profitability even with small production volumes.

PSV-15 Variability in the Oxidative Status of Fats and Oils Used in Livestock Diets in North America

Lipids are essential energy sources in nearly every animal’s diet. However, lipids used in feed formulations today are highly variable in both composition and susceptibility to oxidation – a major source of decreased lipid quality. Feeding oxidized lipids negatively influences animal health and performance, yet data on the oxidative status of commercially used lipids is limited. Herein, the oxidative stability results of lipid samples submitted to Kemin Customer Laboratory Services (CLS) for analysis since 2018 is summarized. Of the 392 samples evaluated, corn oil (n=122), choice white grease (CWG; n=101) and soybean oil (n=66) were the most common. Current oxidation status was assessed by measuring active oxidation markers, including peroxide values (PV; target < 5 meq/kg) and secondary oxidative molecules (hexanal and 2,4-decadienal; target < 50 ppm total). Resistance to future oxidation was evaluated by Oxidative Stability Index (OSI) at 100° C. Lipid PVs ranged from 0 meq/kg to 47.8 meq/kg, with an average PV of 3.4 meq/kg. Total secondary oxidatives averaged 28 ppm, ranging from below the limit of quantitation (5 ppm) to 313 ppm. Based on current oxidative markers, 39% of samples showed no signs of oxidation, 40% had early signs of oxidation, 16% were undergoing active oxidation and 5% were severely oxidized. Lipid OSI times ranged from 0.2 to 144 hours, averaging 17.4 hours. Fifty percent of samples had OSI times of < 10 hours. Further, 46% of animal fats had an OSI < 5 hours, indicating enhanced susceptibility of these fats to future oxidation. In conclusion, >60% of samples showed signs of oxidation, and significant variability in the oxidative status of commercial lipids was observed. To optimize nutritional efficiency and minimize adverse effects of oxidation on overall health of livestock, managing lipid quality – including understanding oxidation risks – should be a major consideration for producers.

Generation of active Co(III) and peroxodiphosphate by synergistic electrocatalytic system with phosphate and the mediator cobalt(II) and its degradation performance

The promising synergistic electrocatalytic system of phosphate (PO43−) with the mediator cobalt(II) (for short E-Co(II)-PO43−) was employed to degrade cationic dye methylene blue (MB). The exploration in the electrocatalytic process revealed that the main intermediate active oxidation products were Co(III), accompanied with hydroxyl radicals and peroxodiphosphates (P2O84−). Their synergistic electrocatalytic degradation rate to MB and total organic carbon (TOC) was up to 100 and 60% in 40 min, respectively, which was 5 times and 2.6 times that in a direct electrocatalytic system, correspondingly. The degradation process of the E-Co(II)-PO43− system on MB started with the bond being broken at the N-C junction of the MB molecule and intermediate active oxidation substances being generated, such as phenothiazine, 2-amino-5-(N-methylformamide) benzene sulfonic acid and N1,N1-dimethyl-1,4 diaminobenzene. Then, the intermediates were degraded into aniline, phenol and benzene sulfonic acid, and eventually decomposed into inorganic substances like CO2 and water. The electrocatalytic degradation mechanism of E-Co(II)-PO43− system on MB was the combination of indirect oxidation of the intermediate oxidants like Co(III), P2O84− and the hydroxyl radical with direct electrocatalysis on the platinum titanium electrode, where the electrocatalytic oxidation of Co(III) was dominant.

Effects of oxidation of SiC aggregates on the sintering behaviour and microstructures of SiC-CaAl12O19 composite refractories

In order to develop chrome-free refractory materials applicable in coal slurry gasification, SiC-CaAl12O19 (SiC-CA6) composite refractories were developed and prepared by using SiC aggregates and CA6 powders as main raw materials. The sintering behaviour of the composites was investigated. After firing at different temperatures under CO atmosphere, the effects of oxidation of SiC aggregates on the sintering behaviour and microstructures of SiC-CA6 composite refractorieswere investigated. SiC-CA6 composites could not be sintered when firing temperature was lower than 1500?C. SiC had a passive oxidation and the oxidation components were able to react with CA6 to form CaAl2Si2O8. The CaAl2Si2O8 melted into liquid when sintering temperature was in the range of 1500-1600?C, which promoted the sintering process of the SiC-CA6 composites. At temperatures above 1600 ?C, an active oxidation of SiC occurred. Simultaneously, SiC could also reacted with the SiO2(s,l) to form SiO, leading to the precipitation of Al2O3 and CaO in the liquid to generate plate-like CA6. Above this temperature, the sintering of the SiC-CA6 composite refractories was affected by the growth of CA6 and oxidation of SiC. This work demonstrates that the optimal sintering temperature for the SiC-CA6 composite refractories was 1600?C.

MODERN METHODS OF DISINFECTION OF ORGANIC ANIMAL WASTE

The article presents the results of microbiological studies on the veterinary and sanitary assessment of modern biotechnological methods of processing organic animal waste based on their aerobic active oxidation and anaerobic fermentation in bioreactors with a periodic rhythm of their operation in a thermophilic mode. It has been shown that biotechnological methods of processing organic waste of animal breeding ensure their disinfection from vegetative pathogenic microflora and make it possible to obtain a product characterized by a high sanitary condition, lack of infectious potential, environmental safety, as a valuable organic fertilizer in accordance with the current norms and requirements, which is an important element in the system of measures to protect the environment, protect animal health and obtain safe livestock products.