The Influence of Ferrous Metallurgy Waste in the Aktobe Region on the Frost Resistance of Ceramic Bricks Based on Low-Melting Clay

2021 ◽  
Vol 887 ◽  
pp. 453-459
Author(s):  
A.K. Kairakbaev ◽  
E. S. Abdrakhimova ◽  
V.Z. Abdrakhimov
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Firing Temperature ◽  
Frost Resistance ◽  
Glass Phase ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Residual Moisture ◽  
Chromite Ore ◽  
Alkali Oxides ◽  
Pass Through

The research objective is studying the effect of tailing slurry of chromite ore beneficiation on the phase composition and frost resistance of ceramic bricks obtained based on low-melting clay. For the study, two compositions were taken, % wt.: 1) the optimal composition ─ low-melting clay of the Ilek deposit - 70, tailing slurry of chromite ore beneficiation, 2) the reference composition ─ low-melting clay of the Ilek deposit - 100. Raw materials were crushed to pass through a sieve No. 1.0 mm; then, the components were thoroughly mixed. The bricks were prepared by melting at a batch moisture content of 22 %. The mold bricks were dried to a residual moisture content of 5 % max. The dried bricks were fired at temperatures, оС: 950 (the glass phase emergence), and 1,050 (the final brick firing temperature). The increased content of iron oxide (Fe2O3=12.3 %) and alkali oxides (R2O=3.2 %) in the tailing slurry of chromite ore beneficiation contributed to the liquid phase emergence at 950 оС. Colorless, yellowish, and brown glasses with refractive indices N within 1.50-1.54, forming as a result of melting of spars and mixed-layer clayey formations, were observed under the microscope in the studied prototypes of composition No. 1 at a firing temperature of 950 °C. In the composition No. 2, a liquid phase also emerges, but in smaller quantities. Adding tailing slurry of chromite ore beneficiation to ceramic masses contributes to the formation of anorthite and glass phase in prototypes based on low-melting clay at a firing temperature of 950 °C. An increase in the firing temperature to 1,050 °C increases the content of the glass phase and anorthite, which significantly improves the frost resistance of ceramic bricks.

RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMIC MASSES: IMPROVEMENT BY COMPLEX MATERIAL ACTIVATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-351
Author(s):  
A. S. Mavlyanov ◽  
E. K. Sardarbekova
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sensitivity Coefficient ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Clay Material ◽  
Fibrous Materials ◽  
Chemical Production ◽  
Production Wastes ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Masses

Introduction. The objective of the research is to study the effect of the complex activation of the alumina raw material on the rheological properties of the ceramic mass. In addition, the authors investigate solutions for the application of optimal coagulation structures based on loams and ash together with plastic certificates.Materials and methods. The authors used the local forest like reserves of clay loams at the BashKarasu, ash fields of the Bishkek Central Heating Centre (BTEC) and plasticizer (sodium naphthenate obtained from alkaline chemical production wastes) as fibrous materials. Moreover, the authors defined technological properties of raw materials within standard laboratory methodology in accordance with current GOSTs.Results. The researchers tested plastic durability on variously prepared masses for the choice of optimal structures. The paper demonstrated the plastic durability of complexly activated compounds comparing with non-activated and mechanically activated compounds. The sensitivity coefficient increased the amount of clay loams by mechanically and complexly activated, which predetermined the possibility of intensifying the process of drying samples based on complexly activated masses.Discussion and conclusions. However, mechanical activation of clay material reduces the period of relaxation and increases the elasticity coefficient of ceramic masses by 1.8–3.4 times, meanwhile decreases elasticity, viscosity and the conventional power during molding, which generally worsens the molding properties of the masses. Сomplex activation of ash-clay material decreases the period of relaxation and provides an increase in elasticity, plasticity of ceramic masses by 46–47%, reduction in viscosity by 1.5–2 times, conventional power on molding by 37–122% in comparison with MA clay loams. Ceramic masses based on spacecraft alumina raw materials belong to the SMT with improved rheological properties; products based on them pass through the mouthpiece for 5–7 seconds.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of the Properties of Wood Flour and Wood Pellets Manufactured from Secondary Processing Mill Residues

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2487
Author(s):  
Geeta Pokhrel ◽  
Yousoo Han ◽  
Douglas J. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Wood Flour ◽  
The United States ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Wood Pellets ◽  
Secondary Processing ◽  
Material Costs ◽  
Mill Residues

The generation of secondary processing mill residues from wood processing facilities is extensive in the United States. Wood flour can be manufactured utilizing these residues and an important application of wood flour is as a filler in the wood–plastic composites (WPCs). Scientific research on wood flour production from mill residues is limited. One of the greatest costs involved in the supply chain of WPCs manufacturing is the transportation cost. Wood flour, constrained by low bulk densities, is commonly transported by truck trailers without attaining allowable weight limits. Because of this, shipping costs often exceed the material costs, consequently increasing raw material costs for WPC manufacturers and the price of finished products. A bulk density study of wood flour (190–220 kg/m3) and wood pellets (700–750 kg/m3) shows that a tractor-trailer can carry more than three times the weight of pellets compared to flour. Thus, this study focuses on exploring the utilization of mill residues from four wood species in Maine to produce raw materials for manufacturing WPCs. Two types of raw materials for the manufacture of WPCs, i.e., wood flour and wood pellets, were produced and a study of their properties was performed. At the species level, red maple 40-mesh wood flour had the highest bulk density and lowest moisture content. Spruce-fir wood flour particles were the finest (dgw of 0.18 mm). For all species, the 18–40 wood flour mesh size possessed the highest aspect ratio. Similarly, on average, wood pellets manufactured from 40-mesh particles had a lower moisture content, higher bulk density, and better durability than the pellets from unsieved wood flour. Red maple pellets had the lowest moisture content (0.12%) and the highest bulk density (738 kg/m3). The results concluded that the processing of residues into wood flour and then into pellets reduced the moisture content by 76.8% and increased the bulk density by 747%. These material property parameters are an important attempt to provide information that can facilitate the more cost-efficient transport of wood residue feedstocks over longer distances.

scholarly journals Commodity price pass-through along the pricing chain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebeca Jiménez-Rodríguez ◽  
Amalia Morales-Zumaquero
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Commodity Prices ◽  
Commodity Price ◽  
Emerging Countries ◽  
Consumer Prices ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
The World ◽  
Producer Prices ◽  
Pass Through

AbstractThis paper analyses the commodity price pass-through along the pricing chain for the global commodity price index and the indices of its main categories (i.e., agricultural raw materials, food and beverages, energy and metals) in the world, advanced and emerging economies. To do so, the study considers country-by-country vector autoregression models and pool the results by taking weighted means for 18 advanced economies and 19 emerging countries, as well as for the world (defined as the sum of advanced and emerging economies). The results show the following: (i) there is evidence in favour of partial pass-through from commodity prices to producer prices, although the evidence for the pass-through to consumer prices is less evident; (ii) the pass-through in the world seems to be led by both advanced and emerging countries for producer prices and only by advanced economies for consumer prices; (iii) higher prices in the four categories (agricultural raw materials only in the short-run) induce significant higher producer prices in almost all cases, with shocks in the prices of energy and metals showing the largest effects; and (iv) energy prices explain the highest variability of producer and consumer prices.

scholarly journals Mineralogical Characterization and Firing Temperature Delineation on Minoan Pottery, Focusing on the Application of Micro-Raman Spectroscopy

Heritage ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 2652-2664 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Grammatikakis ◽  
Kyriakidis ◽  
D. Demadis ◽  
Cabeza Diaz ◽  
Leon-Reina
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Firing Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Ceramic Technology ◽  
Phase Identification ◽  
Mineralogical Characterization ◽  
Analytical Protocol ◽  
Crucial Information ◽  
Analytical Tools

Ceramic objects in whole or in fragments usually account for the majority of findings in an archaeological excavation. Thus, through examination of the values these items bear, it is possible to extract important information regarding raw materials provenance and ceramic technology. For this purpose, either traditional examination protocols could be followed, focusing on the macroscopic/morphological characteristics of the ancient object, or more sophisticated physicochemical techniques are employed. Nevertheless, there are cases where, due to the uniqueness and the significance of an object of archaeological value, sampling is impossible. Then, the available analytical tools are extremely limited, especially when molecular information and mineral phase identification is required. In this context, the results acquired from a multiphase clay ceramic dated on Early Neopalatioal period ΜΜΙΙΙΑLMIA (1750 B.C.E.–1490 B.C.E.), from the Minoan Bronze Age site at Philioremos (Crete, Greece) through the application of Raman confocal spectroscopy, a nondestructive/ noninvasive method are reported. The spectroscopic results are confirmed through the application of Xray microdiffraction and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive Xray spectrometry. Moreover, it is demonstrated how it is made possible through the application of microRaman (μRaman) spectroscopy to examine and collect crucial information from very small inclusions in the ceramic fabric. The aim of this approach is to develop an analytical protocol based on μRaman spectroscopy, for extracting firing temperature information from other ceramic finds (figurines) where due to their uniqueness sampling and analyses through other techniques is not possible. This information can lead to dating but also to firing kiln technology extrapolations that are very significant in archaeology.

Residual moisture content in semi-finished leather under roller pressing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shavkat Khurramov ◽  
Farkhad Khalturaev ◽  
Eshmurad Buriyev
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Residual Moisture Content ◽  
Residual Moisture

Research of drying kinetics of prepared wheat flour

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (16) ◽  
pp. 212-220
Author(s):  
Liubomyr Khomichak ◽  
◽  
Inha Kuznietsova ◽  
Svetlana Vysotska ◽  
Sergiy Tkachenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Convective Drying ◽  
Kinetic Dependence ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Kinetic Coefficients ◽  
Kinetics Of

Introduction. Processing of grain raw material with influence on starch or albumens by application of heat treatment creates the variety of functional properties of a product and is perspective in the modern terms vital functions of man. Research methods and methods. The flour obtained from wheat of the Ascanian wheat and from wheat of the soft varieties: Sophia ("sweet wheat"), Blond (soft) and Chornobrova (enriched with micro- and macronutrients) were used in the study. Thermal modification of flour samples was carried out in a convective manner. The control sample for determining the quality indicators is obtained in industrial conditions, extruded wheat flour produced by LLC "AS groups, LTD". Research results. The obtained kinetic dependence shows the gradual loss of moisture standards with different speed which accordingly influences on duration of drying. The moisture content of the drying agent most affects the intensity at the initial stage of the constant drying rate. With an increase in the moisture content of the coolant, the period of constant drying increases and the amount of evaporated moisture increases during this period. With the subsequent removal of moisture from raw materials, the degree of influence of this parameter on the intensity decreases. The nature of the drying curves is the same and the recommended process for obtaining modified flour is the process duration of 300 minutes or 5 hours. It was determined microscopically, that the samples of dried wheat flour have a purpose and are partially destroyed by starch granules and amorphization of biocomposite materials. Based on the data on the kinetics of drying flour samples, the kinetic coefficients and values of the critical moisture content for drying wheat flour were calculated, which is 1.18-1.30 %. It was determined that for the sensorial indicators the obtained samples have indicators characteristic of the varietal characteristics of wheat, from which the flour was taken. In terms of physical and chemical parameters, the modified wheat flour samples are not inferior to the well-known industrial sample of extruded flour. Conclusions. Use of flour, obtained from the wheat with different correlation of amilose and amylopectin, positively influences on a technological process and allows to extend the assortment of modified starch products, and accordingly, food products. Kinetics of the convective drying standards of the flour is investigated. Researches showed that a it is physically modified flour obtained from the different sorts of the soft wheat is not inferior in quality to the extruded wheat flour.

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