scholarly journals Increasing patch area, proximity of human settlement and larval food plants positively affect the occurrence and local population size of the habitat specialist butterfly Polyommatus coridon (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in fragmented calcareous grasslands

2011 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuzanna M. ROSIN ◽  
Piotr SKORKA ◽  
Magdalena LENDA ◽  
Dawid MORON ◽  
Tim H. SPARKS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Human Settlement ◽  
Habitat Specialist ◽  
Patch Area ◽  
Larval Food ◽  
Calcareous Grasslands ◽  
Specialist Butterfly

scholarly journals Impact of human mobility on the periodicities and mechanisms underlying measles dynamics

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (104) ◽  
pp. 20141317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramona Marguta ◽  
Andrea Parisi
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Parallel Computation ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Sir Model ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Radiation Model ◽  
Stochastic Fluctuations ◽  
Measles Outbreaks ◽  
Disease Free

Three main mechanisms determining the dynamics of measles have been described in the literature: invasion in disease-free lands leading to import-dependent outbreaks, switching between annual and biennial attractors driven by seasonality, and amplification of stochastic fluctuations close to the endemic equilibrium. Here, we study the importance of the three mechanisms using a detailed geographical description of human mobility. We perform individual-based simulations of an SIR model using a gridded description of human settlements on top of which we implement human mobility according to the radiation model. Parallel computation permits detailed simulations of large areas. Focusing our research on the British Isles, we show that human mobility has an impact on the periodicity of measles outbreaks. Depending on the level of mobility, we observe at the global level multi-annual, annual or biennial cycles. The periodicity observed globally, however, differs from the local epidemic cycles: different locations show different mechanisms at work depending on both population size and mobility. As a result, the periodicities observed locally depend on the interplay between the local population size and human mobility.

Adjustment of fecundity and sex ratio in response to social environments in a haplodiploid mite

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuwan Weerawansha ◽  
Qiao Wang ◽  
Xiong Zhao He
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
Offspring Sex Ratio ◽  
Offspring Sex ◽  
Large Populations

Animals can adjust reproductive strategies in favour of corporation or competition in response to local population size and density, the two key factors of social environments. However, previous studies usually focus on either population size or density but ignore their interactions. Using a haplodiploid spider mite, Tetranychus ludeni Zacher, we carried out a factorial experiment in the laboratory to examine how ovipositing females adjust their fecundity and offspring sex ratio during their early reproductive life under various population size and density. We reveal that females laid significantly more eggs with increasing population size and significantly fewer eggs with increasing population density. This suggests that large populations favour cooperation between individuals and dense populations increase competition. We demonstrate a significant negative interaction of population size and density that resulted in significantly fewer eggs laid in the large and dense populations. Furthermore, we show that females significantly skewed the offspring sex ratio towards female-biased in small populations to reduce the local mate competition among their sons. However, population density incurred no significant impact on offspring sex ratio, while the significant positive interaction of population size and density significantly increased the proportion of female offspring in the large and dense populations, which will minimise food or space competition as females usually disperse after mating at crowded conditions. These results also suggest that population density affecting sex allocation in T. ludeni is intercorrelated with population size. This study provides evidence that animals can manipulate their reproductive output and adjust offspring sex ratio in response to various social environments, and the interactions of different socio-environmental factors may play significant roles.

scholarly journals Bees and Butterflies in Burned and Unburned Alvar Woodland: Evidence for the Importance of Postfire Succession to Insect Pollinator Diversity in an Imperiled Ecosystem

2012 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
pp. 297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alana N. Taylor ◽  
Paul M. Catling
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Plant ◽  
Fire Frequency ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Butterfly Species ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Larval Food ◽  
Nesting Sites ◽  
Pollinating Insects ◽  
Burned Site

The apparent importance of successional habitat to pollinating insects, specifically bees (Hymenoptera) and butterflies (Lepidoptera) was quantified in an alvar landscape in the Ottawa valley through a comparison of burned and unburned alvar woodland. The two adjacent habitats on the same successional gradient were sampled by sweeping with additional data from pitfall traps for bees and by direct observation with close focus binoculars and occasional verification through capture with a net for butterflies. The sampling was done during 11 visits in 2008 beginning 16 May and ending 13 September. Both bee and butterfly diversity were higher in the post-fire burned alvar woodland compared to the adjacent unburned woodland based on species richness, number of individuals and Brillouin’s Biodiversity Index which takes evenness and heterogeneity into account. No bees were captured in the unburned area, but 34 species and 201 individuals were captured in the burned site. The most abundant bee species was Augochlora aurata. Lepidoptera were represented in the burned site by 35 species and 408 individuals compared to 15 species and 21 individuals in the unburned woodland. The most common butterfly species in the burned woodland was Callophrys polios. The higher diversity of pollinators in the burned site was correlated with both higher vascular plant diversity and much higher cover and frequency values for insect-pollinated plants providing nectar and pollen including flowering shrubs such as Amelanchier alnifolia var. compacta, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi and Prunus virginiana. The burned site also provided more cover of larval food plants for butterflies and apparently more nesting sites for bees. We suggest that a decrease in fire frequency and in the availability of open successional habitats are contributing factors in the decline of pollinators, and that endangered ecosystems where fire has been a natural phenomenon may require fire or fire-simulated management to sustain their biodiversity.

Butterflies of Australia

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F Braby
Keyword(s):  
Present State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Larval Food ◽  
Educational Publishing ◽  
Butterfly Fauna ◽  
History Of ◽  
Outstanding Work ◽  
Reference Section

This outstanding work is the ultimate guide for the identification of Australia’s butterflies. Nearly 400 species – all those currently recognised from Australia, plus those from surrounding islands – are represented, with all adults and some immature stages displayed in stunning colour sections. Introductory chapters cover the history of publications, classification, morphology, distribution, conservation and collection, together with a checklist of the butterfly fauna. The body of the text is arranged systematically, providing a wealth of information including description, variation, similar behaviour, distribution and habitat, and major literature references, giving a comprehensive summary of the present state of knowledge of these insects. Appendices provide details of those species recorded from Australian islands outside the Australian faunal subregion, those protected by legislation, the larval food plants, and the attendant ants. Extensive references, a glossary and an index of scientific and common names complete the work. Joint Winner of the 2001 Whitley Medal. Finalist Scholarly Reference section - The Australian Awards for Excellence in Educational Publishing 2001.

Complete Field Guide to Butterflies of Australia

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F Braby
Keyword(s):  
Single Species ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Butterfly Species ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Larval Food ◽  
Field Guide ◽  
The Family ◽  
Complete Field ◽  
Remote Islands ◽  
Scientific Name

This is the first complete field guide to all butterfly species on Australia’s mainland and its remote islands. Written by one of Australia's leading lepidopterists, it is stunningly illustrated with colour photographs of each of the 416 currently identified species. There is also a distribution map for each species on the Australian mainland. It covers the five major family groups: Hesperiidae, Paplionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae and Lycaenidae, as well as the family Riodinidae, which has but a single species in Australia. The introduction covers adult structure, classification, distribution and habitats, and life cycle and behaviour. This is followed by accounts of each of the 416 species, giving common name, scientific name, and other names (if any), as well as details of behaviour, habitat, status, and larval food plants. Accompanying each species is a distribution map, and photographs of the upperside and underside of both male and female specimens. The book also contains a checklist of all species, a list of entomological contacts, a glossary, a bibliography, an index of common names and an index of scientific names.

scholarly journals Seasonal changes in distribution and abundance of a local Corncrake population

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Budka ◽  
Patryk Kokociński ◽  
Paweł Bogawski ◽  
Maciej Nowak ◽  
Joanna Teresa Białas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Site Fidelity ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Habitat Conditions ◽  
Population Declines

Abstract Many bird species have experienced short- or long-term population declines. However, the mechanisms and reasons underlying such negative changes are often not fully understood, making it difficult to identify effective conservation measures to recover populations. In this study, we focused on local changes in the abundance and distribution of calling male Corncrakes Crex crex in relation to: (1) within- and between-season site fidelity of adult males, (2) spatial distribution of territories in consecutive years and (3) the effect of habitat conditions on population size. We counted the number of calling males at ten randomly selected study plots (1 km2) in 2014–2018. Additionally, males were caught and individually marked in years 2015–2017. We found significant between-year changes in Corncrake abundance, from a 34% decrease to a 21% increase. On average, 32% of males established territories in the same locations as males recorded in the previous year. Breeding site fidelity was very low, with only 2–5% of males recaptured in the following year. Males selected areas characterized by higher values of NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index–higher values indicate more biomass) than on average within the study area. Population size in a particular year was significantly affected by the NDVI of the previous year but not by the NDVI in the current breeding season. We suppose that Corncrakes may exhibit a nomadic breeding behavior, and settle at territories when they encounter optimal habitat conditions. Moreover, as population size was negatively correlated with habitat conditions at the beginning of the previous breeding season, we suppose that local population changes may reflect more general trends in a whole population rather than local breeding success. Therefore, we highlight the need for better knowledge of Corncrake dispersal within the main European population and for the coordination of monitoring and conservation efforts, especially in those regions where most Corncrakes breed.

THE CANADIAN SPECIES OF THE TORTRICID GENUS PERONEA

1934 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. McDunnough
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Larval Food ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The North ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Range Of Variation ◽  
Female Genital

Forty-three species of the Tortricid genus Peronea are dealt with, comprising all the species known to occur in Canada at the present time and including practically all of the North American ones. Characters found in both the male and female genital organs have been used as a means of specific differentiation and there are eight sets of figures illustrating these organs. The range of variation in color and pattern of the individual species is briefly discussed and records of distribution and larval food-plants are given as far as present knowledge permits. Seven species new to science are described.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document