scholarly journals Twelve Theses on Artificial Intelligence and Artificial Sociality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Андрей Владимирович Резаев
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Capitalist Society ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

The Theses deal with the theoretical foundations and methodological implications for scholarly research that arise from the development and implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies into society’s daily life. The reader is introduced to age-old intellectual debates about AI and recent research concerning human-centered AI, artificial sociality (AS), and online culture. The paper presents the working definition of AI. It claims that AI has to be examined in relation to AS. The paper argues that the human-machine-interdependence is a new reality of artificial sociality. It envisages AI research as multidisciplinary and potentially a-disciplinary scientific activity. The questions the Theses raise: What should we be concerned about as artificial intelligence advances? Can AI technologies solve modern society’s problems and bring human beings to a new level of community and well-being? Are there ‘no-AI areas’ in society? Do human biases and prejudices influence AI technologies? The paper’s essential assertion is that the challenges posed by AI technologies and AS should be addressed apropos three P’s of the capitalist society: private property, profit, price.

PATENT PROTECTION OF SCIENTIFIC RESULTS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES

2020 ◽  
pp. 36-43
Author(s):  
Daria Ponomareva ◽  
◽  
Alexander Barabashev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Foreign Law ◽  
Scientific Results ◽  
Will Force ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Artificial Intelligence Systems

This article is devoted to the legal problems associated with the provision of patent protection for the results of scientific activities created by artificial intelligence systems. The authors explore the approaches formulated by doctrine and practice in relation to objects created by robotic systems, computer technology and AI. The problem of the relationship between patent protection of the results of scientific (scientific and technical) activities and artificial intelligence systems is becoming more and more urgent. Modern AI systems are quite capable of creating inventions that are the result of the application (use) of the cognitive (thinking) abilities of a person, that is, such inventions can be patentable. There is no doubt that the increasingly active introduction of AI systems will force national legislators to reconsider the definition of the term “inventor.” In Russian legislation, the issue of patent protection of inventions created by AI is currently not resolved. The review of the state of legal regulation of patent protection of the results of scientific activity (first of all, inventions) created by AI systems, presented in the article, indicates the absence of clear rules both in Russian and foreign law (using the example of individual jurisdictions) regarding the determination of the legal status of this kind. objects and the person who has exclusive rights in relation to them. The use of already existing legal constructions by analogy, as well as the borrowing of foreign experience, can only temporarily solve the issue of patent protection of the results of scientific activity created with the help of AI.

Artificial intelligence: criminal and procedural aspects

2021 ◽  
pp. 75-89
Author(s):  
Igor I. Kartashov ◽  
Ivan I. Kartashov
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Legal Advice ◽  
Judicial Practice ◽  
Legal Expert ◽  
To Come ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Self Learning

For millennia, mankind has dreamed of creating an artificial creature capable of thinking and acting “like human beings”. These dreams are gradually starting to come true. The trends in the development of modern so-ciety, taking into account the increasing level of its informatization, require the use of new technologies for information processing and assistance in de-cision-making. Expanding the boundaries of the use of artificial intelligence requires not only the establishment of ethical restrictions, but also gives rise to the need to promptly resolve legal problems, including criminal and proce-dural ones. This is primarily due to the emergence and spread of legal expert systems that predict the decision on a particular case, based on a variety of parameters. Based on a comprehensive study, we formulate a definition of artificial intelligence suitable for use in law. It is proposed to understand artificial intelligence as systems capable of interpreting the received data, making optimal decisions on their basis using self-learning (adaptation). The main directions of using artificial intelligence in criminal proceedings are: search and generalization of judicial practice; legal advice; preparation of formalized documents or statistical reports; forecasting court decisions; predictive jurisprudence. Despite the promise of using artificial intelligence, there are a number of problems associated with a low level of reliability in predicting rare events, self-excitation of the system, opacity of the algorithms and architecture used, etc.

Personhood and Disorders of Consciousness: Finding Room in Person-Centered Healthcare

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 391
Author(s):  
Bianca Andrade ◽  
Marco Antonio Azevedo
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Disorders Of Consciousness ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Mentally Handicapped ◽  
Definition Of

Advocates of the Person-Centered Healthcare (PCH) approach say that PCH is a response to a failure of caring for patients as persons. Nevertheless, there are many human subjects falling to fulfill the requirements of a traditional philosophical definition of personhood. Hence, if we take, PCH seriously, a greater clarification of the key terminology of PCH is urgently needed. It seems necessary, for instance, that the concept of the person should be extended in order to include those individuals with insipient or immature levels of consciousness, as well as those who are severely and permanently mentally handicapped. In this article, we will depart from some well-known philosophical concepts of what it means to be a person and try to offer a broader and more inclusive meaning. We suggest that persons are human beings with a socially recognized biography, which implies to recognize as persons individuals with necessities, but also with narratives about their interests and claims, expressed sometimes by other people related to them. This is particularly the case of individuals that suffer from severe disorders of consciousness. For those, is not only care that matters; respect matters too. Caregivers should therefore not only sympathetically care for the well-being of these people; they should also be concerned to respect their interests and claims by interpreting them empathetically, in the light of their biographical story. Our conclusion is that, in order to be coherent, PCH must consider individuals with severe disorders of consciousness as persons and we think that our revised concept of personhood fits with this requirement.

Artificial Intelligence in International Arbitration

2020 ◽  
pp. 590-616
Author(s):  
Myriam Gicquello
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
International Arbitration ◽  
Naturalistic Decision Making ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Behavioural Analysis ◽  
International Adjudication ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter assesses the introduction of artificial intelligence in international arbitration. The contention is that it would not only reinstate confidence in the arbitral system—from the perspective of the parties and the general public—and participate in the development of the rule of law, but also engage with broader systemic considerations in enhancing its legitimacy, fairness, and efficiency. Yet, before addressing the why, what, and how of this proposition, a definition of artificial intelligence is warranted. It should be noted at the outset that this concept has a variety of meanings. Despite the lack of consensus on its meaning, the chapter will thus treat artificial intelligence as encompassing both semi-autonomous and autonomous computer systems dedicated to assisting or replacing human beings in decision-making tasks. It presents the conclusions of two extensive research programs respectively dealing with the performance of statistical models and naturalistic decision-making. From that behavioural analysis, the introduction of artificial intelligence in international arbitration be discussed against the general considerations of international adjudication and the specific goals pertaining to international arbitration.

Happy Treat: Food and Drink as Important Parts of Daily Life and Happiness

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 79-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ines Sučić ◽  
Tihana Brkljačić ◽  
Ljiljana Kaliterna Lipovčan ◽  
Renata Glavak-Tkalić ◽  
Lana Lučić
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Explanatory Model ◽  
Online Application ◽  
Food And Drink ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Central Purpose ◽  
Specific Food

The aim of this study is to explore the content of lay definitions of happiness containing food/drink and food-related terms. This research is part of CRO-WELL—the Croatian Longitudinal Study of Well-Being project—which was conducted via an online application consisting of a comprehensive battery of questionnaires related to well-being and life events. The current study uses only an open-ended question in which the respondents provide their own definition of happiness by answering the question “What is happiness for you?” Definitions containing food-related terms (N = 207) were selected for the purpose of this study. The central purpose of this research is to explore which meals/food/drink people include in these definitions, and under what circumstances. Some respondents mentioned specific types of food/drink, while others (33.3%) used generic terms such as “food,” “lunch,” or “meal.” The most frequently mentioned specific food or drink items were coffee (28%) and sweets (22.1%). Two main dimensions of values attributed to food emerged: hedonic (76.8%) -existential (18.3%) and individual (52.2%) -social (44%). The study offers an explanatory model suitable for classifying the main values of food expressed within people's subjective constructs of happiness.

scholarly journals Escuta na relação médico-paciente: uma arte perdida

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Douglas Vinicius dos Santos Silva ◽  
Maria Gabriela Freitas Viana ◽  
Pedro Eduardo de Moura Souza
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Relationship Development ◽  
Patient Relationship ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Doctor Patient Relationship ◽  
Important Relationship ◽  
Self Knowledge

INTRODUCTION: The doctor-patient relationship has undergone several reinterpretations over the centuries being based on attentive listening primarily, a characteristic that has been neglected in many current contexts. Such a doctor-patient relationship is essential for understanding the pathological condition under analysis and, also, for understanding this patient as a human being, which will give greater dignity to this moment that is so intimate, yet so essential in medical practice. Thus, literature can be used as a tool to encourage the human development of professionals and students and subsequently reflect in this important relationship. DEVELOPMENT: Currently, there is a noticeable weakening of the doctor-patient relationship, mainly due to the exacerbated cult of technicism and the depreciation of the cultural, such as the various segments of literature, when, in fact, each of these aspects have their space and should complement each other. With this in mind, there is a greater distancing between doctor and patient, which ends up damaging the image of the clinical examination shaped by what should be a co-protagonism between these two individuals. Because of this, the doctor becomes increasingly insensitive and, therefore, the patient becomes increasingly unreachable, which hinders the proper promotion of health and future well being of this person. So, literature can be inserted as a tool that will stimulate the change of this context, either by the contact of the doctor with recurring themes in his daily life from the perspective of his patients or by the acquired self-knowledge capable of making him understand the vulnerability of human beings, including his own. Furthermore, another important function that the literature can provide is to facilitate data collection itself - through language or even by actions performed by the professional - which will have important consequences on that patient's prognosis. CONCLUSION: Doctors and students in this area should provide the greatest possible comfort for the patient who is in the state of vulnerability that the disease provides and this can be achieved more easily and efficiently with the use of the literature associated with technicism in a way wich they become complementary and encompass the various segments inherent to human beings.

scholarly journals Can Artworks by Artificial Intelligence be Artworks?

2019 ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Yeonsook Park
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Media Studies ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Adversarial Network ◽  
Adversarial Networks ◽  
Rutgers University ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New Phase

The thinking power of Homo sapiens made human beings the lord of all creation. The ability to reason is also the premise of human existence. We, however, now know that this is not confined only to human but to Artificial Intelligence. Over the history of humankind, human beings have attempted to create an immortal being that could surpass their abilities and complements their inferiorities. We are making something immortal and transcendent, which are different properties from our own. Artificial Intelligence may be able to evolve on its own like humans have been doing. As a kind of numerical being, humans are able to be omnipresent with the technology provided. This new kind of existence makes us think about and see things differently. Humans are attempting to create ‘beings’ that can generate art, take care of weak human beings, talk and discuss human issues, and even fall in love with humans. As our minds can run beyond the boundaries created by our body limitations, we would like to infuse our creativity into AI that might evolve from its original state. Similar to what Prometheus did, humans are attempting to share their legacy with another existence. Recently a research team from Rutgers University in New Jersey proposed a system named CAN: Creative Adversarial Networks for generating art with creative characteristics. The team demonstrated a realization of this system based on a novel, creative adversarial network. Their proposed system possesses the ability to produce novel artworks which make people believe human artists produced them. The data the team proposes proves that AI now attempts to do something considered as a creative activity. With this research, the definition of art should be reconsidered. Since the Fountain(1917) by Duchamp, open concepts toward artworks have been embraced by many artists and their colleagues. However, it is time to contemplate the new phase. When we regard something as artwork, should it be created, selected, and combined by human beings? Is it possible that the thing that is accepted as artwork by people can be art? This paper seeks to propose several opinions regarding these questions. Article received: June 23, 2019; Article accepted: July 6, 2019; Published online: October 15, 2019; Review articleHow to cite this article: Park, Yeonsook. "Can Artworks by Artificial Intelligence be Artworks?" AM Journal of Art and Media Studies 20 (2019): 113-121. doi: 10.25038/am.v0i20.332

scholarly journals Skaitmeninimas kaip mokslas: baris projekto patirtis

2008 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 67-83
Author(s):  
Rimvydas Laužikas
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Public ◽  
Scientific Discussion ◽  
Evolving Systems ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Definition Of

Skaitmeninių technologijų plėtra keičia humanitarinių mokslų šaltinių kaupimo, saugojimo, apskaitos, tyrimo bei mokslinės informacijos sklaidos procesus. Kartu keičiasi humanitarinių mokslų institucijų ir tyrėjų vaidmuo šiuose procesuose, taip pat visuomenės požiūris į mokslą ir jį globojančias institucijas. Tačiau šiuolaikinėje Lietuvoje skaitmeninimas yra suprantamas vien praktine prasme.Šio straipsnio objektas yra skaitmeninimas, kaip mokslo tyrimas. Straipsnio tikslai yra: a) atsakyti į klausimą, ar skaitmeninimas gali turėti savitą mokslo tyrimų objektą, jei taip – pateikti jo apibrėžimą; b) paskatinti kolegų mokslinę diskusiją – aptarti skaitmeninimo ne kaip praktinę, o kaip mokslo veiklą; c) pateikti aktualių skaitmeninimo tyrimų, kurie buvo atlikti vykdant BARIS projektą, rezultatų pavyzdžių.Straipsnyje teigiama, kad skaitmeninimas gali turėti savitą mokslo tyrimo objektą. Tai emuliatyvumas – specifinis žmogaus santykis su tikrove, kai žmonės, remdamiesi kriterijais, atrenka iš realybės objektus ir jų pagrindu skaitmeninėje aplinkoje kuria emuliacines sistemas, kurios mėgdžioja ir imituoja realybėje veikiančių natūralių sistemų veiklą. Svarbu pažymėti, kad emuliacinės sistemos nėra realybėje egzistuojančių sistemų kopijos, jos sukurtos perkodavimo būdu ir yra tokios pat savarankiškos, dinamiškos ir laisvai evoliucionuojančios sistemos, kaip ir tos realybės sistemos, kurias jos mėgdžioja.Emuliatyvumas yra specifinis, kompiuterinių technologijų, virtualaus pasaulio ir interneto atsiradimo paskatintas reiškinys, kurį galime nagrinėti labai daugeliu prasmių iki pat asmens psichologijos imtinai. Tačiau šiame straipsnyje apsiribojama tik ta emuliatyvumo dalimi, kuri yra susijusi su kompiuterinių technologijų taikymu kūryboje, paveldosaugoje, humanitariniuose bei socialiniuose moksluose. Straipsnyje pateikiamas skaitmeninimo mokslo tyrimų, apibrėžimas, skirstymas į istorinius, fundamentinius ir taikomuosius tyrimus, sąsajos su kitais mokslais ir praktinėmis veiklomis, aptariami terminijos, metodų klausimai, pateikiama tyrimų atliktų BARIS (Bažnytinių archyvų informacinė sistema) projekto vykdymo metu, pavyzdžių.Digitization as science: Baris project experienceRimvydas Laužikas SummaryThe development of digital technologies is changing the processes of accumulation, storage, accountability and research of sources of humanitarian sciences and dissemination of scientific information. At the same time the role of institutions of humanitarian sciences and researchers in these processes is changing, as well as the public attitude to science and institutions protecting it. However, digitization in modern Lithuania is understood in purely practical aspect.The subject of this article is digitization as scientific research. The aims of the article are the following: a) to answer the question whether digitization is able to have its own object of research, and if so, to present its definition; b) to encourage colleagues for scientific discussion about digitization not as practical but scientific activity; c) to present examples of studies that were carried out while implementing the BARIS project (Information system of church archives) relevant for digitization.It is claimed in the article that digitization is able to have its own object of scientific research and that object is emulativity – a specific human relationship with reality when human beings select objects from reality according to certain criteria and on their basis create emulative systems in digital space that imitate the activities of naturally existing systems. It is worth noticing that emulative systems are not copies of systems existing in reality – they are created in the way of recoding and are as much independent, dynamic and freely evolving systems as the ones they are imitating in reality.Emulativity is a specific phenomenon stimulated by computer-based technologies, appearance of virtual reality and the internet, and which can be studied in many different aspects, up to personal psychology. However, the article restricts itself by the emulativity part which is related to application of computer-based technologies in creation, preservation of heritage, humanitarian and social sciences. The article presents the definition of the scientific object of digitization, its division into historical, fundamental and applied studies, links with other sciences and practical activities; discusses issues of terminology and methods, and presents examples of studies carried out while implementing the BARIS project (Information system of church archives).

Artificial Intelligence Leadership

2020 ◽  
pp. 173-187
Author(s):  
Mustafa Canbek
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Leadership And Management ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Managerial Roles ◽  
Henry Mintzberg ◽  
Shed Light

New developments in technology may cause massive changes in the organizational and managerial contexts as well as daily life. The aim of the research is to discuss how AI may affect the future of business life in respect to leadership and management. Additionally, questioning the possibility of artificial intelligence leadership. For this purpose, AI will be evaluated with regard to managerial roles defined by Henry Mintzberg. Evaluation of the managerial roles within the scope of AI leads us to think that AI will have a rich potential to lead and manage human beings. According to capabilities of AI, it can be suggested that AI might produce better results than human beings in the context of the managerial roles. AI leadership discussion gives a chance to shed light on today's management practices in a critical manner by comparing imagined AI with human being managers.

scholarly journals Urban Water Security: Definition and Assessment Framework

Resources ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Tolba Aboelnga ◽  
Lars Ribbe ◽  
Franz-Bernd Frechen ◽  
Jamal Saghir
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Assessment Framework ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Urban Level ◽  
Definition Of

Achieving urban water security is a major challenge for many countries. While several studies have assessed water security at a regional level, many studies have also emphasized the lack of assessment of water security and application of measures to achieve it at the urban level. Recent studies that have focused on measuring urban water security are not holistic, and there is still no agreed-upon understanding of how to operationalize and identify an assessment framework to measure the current state and dynamics of water security. At present, there is also no clearly defined and widely endorsed definition of urban water security. To address this challenge, this study provides a systematic approach to better understand urban water security, with a working definition and an assessment framework to be applied in peri-urban and urban areas. The proposed working definition of urban water security is based on the United Nations (UN) sustainable development goal on water and sanitation and the human rights on water and sanitation. It captures issues of urban-level technical, environmental, and socio-economic indicators that emphasize credibility, legitimacy, and salience. The assessment framework depends on four main dimensions to achieve urban water security: Drinking water and human beings, ecosystem, climate change and water-related hazards, and socio-economic factors (DECS). The framework further enables the analysis of relationships and trade-off between urbanization and water security, as well as between DECS indicators. Applying this framework will help governments, policy-makers, and water stakeholders to target scant resources more effectively and sustainably. The study reveals that achieving urban water security requires a holistic and integrated approach with collaborative stakeholders to provide a meaningful way to improve understanding and managing urban water security.

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