scholarly journals Energy availability in female athletes with disabilities: a narrative review

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
Claudia Ridel Juzwiak ◽  
Daniel Paduan Joaquim ◽  
Ciro Winckler
Keyword(s):  
Bone Health ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Menstrual Dysfunction ◽  
Athletes With Disabilities ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact

Research on female athletes has increased, with the main focus on Low Energy Availability (LEA) and Female Athlete Triad (TRIAD), however there is a gap in knowledge about LEA and related conditions such as eating disorder, menstrual dysfunction and bone health in athletes with disabilities. The literature suggests that those athletes, depending on the type of disability, have a higher risk of developing LEA. In this way, the objective of this review is to describe the impact of LEA on health and performance of female athletes, with special focus on athletes with disabilities. A narrative review of the literature was conducted using as search terms LEA and TRIAD components - bone health and menstrual dysfunction - in female athletes. The narrative review yielded 24 studies on the subject, of those, 10 original studies, in which LEA was diagnosed in female athletes, only one referring to athletes with disabilities. Literature indicates the complexity in estimating EA, since the methods used to determine its components may present inaccuracies, especially for athletes with disabilities. Further researched is needed to assess EA in female athletes, especially with disabilities, as well as the improvement of EA's assessment and screening methods.

Immunoglobulin levels in systemic lupus erythematosus: A narrative review

Lupus ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 096120332110047
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Almaghlouth ◽  
Sindhu R Johnson ◽  
Eleanor Pullenayegum ◽  
Dafna Gladman ◽  
Murray Urowitz
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Immunoglobulin Level ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
External Threats ◽  
Self Tolerance ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Impact

Immunoglobulins play a fundamental role in the protection of the human body against internal and external threats. They also contribute to the immune system homeostasis and maintenance of self-tolerance. Hypogammaglobulinemia is occasionally encountered in routine clinical practice by rheumatologists. Low levels of immunoglobulins can occur as primary or secondary issues and may predispose patients to various forms of infection. However, the impact of the low immunoglobulin level abnormality varies with the underlying condition. In this narrative review, we shed light on the overall types and functions of immunoglobulins for clinicians. We discuss important principles of immunoglobulin measurements. We then consider the primary and secondary causes of low immunoglobulins with a special focus on hypogammaglobulinemia in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Low energy availability surrogates correlate with health and performance consequences of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 628-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn E Ackerman ◽  
Bryan Holtzman ◽  
Katherine M Cooper ◽  
Erin F Flynn ◽  
Georgie Bruinvels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Female Athletes ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Performance Consequences ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Low Energy Availability

Low energy availability (EA) is suspected to be the underlying cause of both the Female Athlete Triad and the more recently defined syndrome, Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). The International Olympic Committee (IOC) defined RED-S as a syndrome of health and performance impairments resulting from an energy deficit. While the importance of adequate EA is generally accepted, few studies have attempted to understand whether low EA is associated with the health and performance consequences posited by the IOC.ObjectiveThe purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine the association of low EA with RED-S health and performance consequences in a large clinical population of female athletes.MethodsOne thousand female athletes (15–30 years) completed an online questionnaire and were classified as having low or adequate EA. The associations between low EA and the health and performance factors listed in the RED-S models were evaluated using chi-squared test and the odds ratios were evaluated using binomial logistic regression (p<0.05).ResultsAthletes with low EA were more likely to be classified as having increased risk of menstrual dysfunction, poor bone health, metabolic issues, haematological detriments, psychological disorders, cardiovascular impairment and gastrointestinal dysfunction than those with adequate EA. Performance variables associated with low EA included decreased training response, impaired judgement, decreased coordination, decreased concentration, irritability, depression and decreased endurance performance.ConclusionThese findings demonstrate that low EA measured using self-report questionnaires is strongly associated with many health and performance consequences proposed by the RED-S models.

A Narrative Review of Methods for Applying User Experience in the Design and Assessment of Mental Health Smartphone Interventions

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-70
Author(s):  
Christopher Lemon ◽  
Kit Huckvale ◽  
Kenneth Carswell ◽  
John Torous
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
User Experience ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Complex Adaptive ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Evaluation Approaches ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Smartphone Intervention

AbstractObjectivesUser experience (UX) plays a key role in uptake and usage of mental health smartphone interventions, yet remains underinvestigated. This review aimed to characterize and compare UX evaluation approaches that have been applied in this specific context, and to identify implications for research and practice.MethodsA narrative review was conducted of UX-themed studies published in PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus up to February 2019. Eligible studies reported on data reflecting users' interactions with a smartphone intervention for any mental health condition. Studies were categorized into “situated” versus “construct-based” methods according to whether or not an established UX construct was used to acquire and analyze data.ResultsSituated approaches used bespoke UX metrics, including quantitative measures of usage and performance, as well as grounded interview data. Construct-based approaches such as assessments of usability and acceptability were based on conceptual frameworks, with methodologically stronger versions featuring construct definitions, validated measurement tools, and an ability to compare data across studies. Constructs and measures were sometimes combined to form bespoke construct-based approaches.ConclusionsBoth situated and construct-based UX data may provide benefits during design and implementation of a mental health smartphone intervention by helping to clarify the needs of users and the impact of new features. Notable however was the omission of UX methods, such as split testing. Future research should consider these unaddressed methods, aim to improve the rigor of UX assessment, integrate their use alongside clinical outcomes, and explore UX assessment of more complex, adaptive interventions.

scholarly journals Energy Deficiency, Menstrual Disturbances, and Low Bone Mass: What Do Exercising Australian Women Know About the Female Athlete Triad?

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie M. Miller ◽  
Sonja Kukuljan ◽  
Anne I. Turner ◽  
Paige van der Pligt ◽  
Gaele Ducher
Keyword(s):  
Stress Fracture ◽  
Bone Health ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Sports History ◽  
Menstrual Dysfunction ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
History Of

Purpose:Prevention of the female athlete triad is essential to protect female athletes’ health. The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of regularly exercising adult women in Australia toward eating patterns, menstrual cycles, and bone health.Methods:A total of 191 female exercisers, age 18–40 yr, engaging in ≥2 hr/wk of strenuous activity, completed a survey. After 11 surveys were excluded (due to incomplete answers), the 180 participants were categorized into lean-build sports (n = 82; running/athletics, triathlon, swimming, cycling, dancing, rowing), non-lean-build sports (n = 94; basketball, netball, soccer, hockey, volleyball, tennis, trampoline, squash, Australian football), or gym/fitness activities (n = 4).Results:Mean (± SD) training volume was 9.0 ± 5.5 hr/wk, with participants competing from local up to international level. Only 10% of respondents could name the 3 components of the female athlete triad. Regardless of reported history of stress fracture, 45% of the respondents did not think that amenorrhea (absence of menses for ≥3 months) could affect bone health, and 22% of those involved in lean-build sports would do nothing if experiencing amenorrhea (vs. 3.2% in non-lean-build sports, p = .005). Lean-build sports, history of amenorrhea, and history of stress fracture were all significantly associated with not taking action in the presence of amenorrhea (all p < .005).Conclusions:Few active Australian women are aware of the detrimental effects of menstrual dysfunction on bone health. Education programs are needed to prevent the female athlete triad and ensure that appropriate actions are taken by athletes when experiencing amenorrhea.

scholarly journals Nutrition in the Intensive Care Unit—A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2851
Author(s):  
Aileen Hill ◽  
Gunnar Elke ◽  
Arved Weimann
Keyword(s):  
Critically Ill ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Nutrition Therapy ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Optimal Timing ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Prognostic Impact ◽  
Specific Patient ◽  
The Impact

Background: While consent exists, that nutritional status has prognostic impact in the critically ill, the optimal feeding strategy has been a matter of debate. Methods: Narrative review of the recent evidence and international guideline recommendations focusing on basic principles of nutrition in the ICU and the treatment of specific patient groups. Covered topics are: the importance and diagnosis of malnutrition in the ICU, the optimal timing and route of nutrition, energy and protein requirements, the supplementation of specific nutrients, as well as monitoring and complications of a Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT). Furthermore, this review summarizes the available evidence to optimize the MNT of patients grouped by primarily affected organ system. Results: Due to the considerable heterogeneity of the critically ill, MNT should be carefully adapted to the individual patient with special focus on phase of critical illness, metabolic tolerance, leading symptoms, and comorbidities. Conclusion: MNT in the ICU is complex and requiring an interdisciplinary approach and frequent reevaluation. The impact of personalized and disease-specific MNT on patient-centered clinical outcomes remains to be elucidated.

scholarly journals The Impact of Menstrual Cycle Phase on Athletes’ Performance: A Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1667
Author(s):  
Mikaeli Anne Carmichael ◽  
Rebecca Louise Thomson ◽  
Lisa Jane Moran ◽  
Thomas Philip Wycherley
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Cycle Phase ◽  
Menstrual Cycle Phase ◽  
Objective Performance ◽  
The Impact

The effect of the menstrual cycle on physical performance is being increasingly recognised as a key consideration for women’s sport and a critical field for further research. This narrative review explores the findings of studies investigating the effects of menstrual cycle phase on perceived and objectively measured performance in an athletic population. Studies examining perceived performance consistently report that female athletes identify their performance to be relatively worse during the early follicular and late luteal phases. Studies examining objective performance (using anaerobic, aerobic or strength-related tests) do not report clear, consistent effects of the impact of menstrual cycle phase on physical performance. Overall sport performance can be influenced by both perceived and physical factors. Hence, to optimise performance and management of eumenorrheic female athletes, there is a need for further research to quantify the impact of menstrual cycle phase on perceived and physical performance outcomes and to identify factors affecting variability in objective performance outcomes between studies.

scholarly journals The Negative Influence of Air Travel on Health and Performance in the National Basketball Association: A Narrative Review

Sports ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Huyghe ◽  
Aaron Scanlan ◽  
Vincent Dalbo ◽  
Julio Calleja-González
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Air Travel ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
National Basketball Association ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact

Air travel requirements are a concern for National Basketball Association (NBA) coaches, players, and owners, as sport-based research has demonstrated short-haul flights (≤6 h) increase injury risk and impede performance. However, examination of the impact of air travel on player health and performance specifically in the NBA is scarce. Therefore, we conducted a narrative review of literature examining the influence of air travel on health and performance in team sport athletes with suggestions for future research directions in the NBA. Prominent empirical findings and practical recommendations are highlighted pertaining to sleep, nutrition, recovery, and scheduling strategies to alleviate the negative effects of air travel on health and performance in NBA players.

Low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and impaired bone health: A survey of elite para athletes

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 678-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily M. Brook ◽  
Adam S. Tenforde ◽  
Elizabeth M. Broad ◽  
Elizabeth G. Matzkin ◽  
Heidi Y. Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Health ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Menstrual Dysfunction ◽  
Low Energy Availability

scholarly journals A Narrative Review on Female Physique Athletes: The Physiological and Psychological Implications of Weight Management Practices

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 682-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nura Alwan ◽  
Samantha L. Moss ◽  
Kirsty J. Elliott-Sale ◽  
Ian G. Davies ◽  
Kevin Enright
Keyword(s):  
Weight Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Intensive Training ◽  
Aesthetic Appearance ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Low Energy Availability

Physique competitions are events in which aesthetic appearance and posing ability are valued above physical performance. Female physique athletes are required to possess high lean body mass and extremely low fat mass in competition. As such, extended periods of reduced energy intake and intensive training regimens are used with acute weight loss practices at the end of the precompetition phase. This represents an increased risk for chronic low energy availability and associated symptoms of relative energy deficiency in sport, compromising both psychological and physiological health. Available literature suggests that a large proportion of female physique athletes report menstrual irregularities (e.g., amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea), which are unlikely to normalize immediately postcompetition. Furthermore, the tendency to reduce intakes of numerous essential micronutrients is prominent among those using restrictive eating patterns. Following competition, reduced resting metabolic rate, and hyperphagia, is also a concern for these female athletes, which can result in frequent weight cycling, distorted body image, and disordered eating/eating disorders. Overall, female physique athletes are an understudied population, and the need for more robust studies to detect low energy availability and associated health effects is warranted. This narrative review aims to define the natural female physique athlete, explore some of the physiological and psychological implications of weight management practices experienced by female physique athletes, and propose future research directions.

scholarly journals A Review of Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport in Artistic (Synchronized) Swimming

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherry Robertson ◽  
Margo Mountjoy
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Synchronized Swimming ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Low Energy Availability

The syndrome of relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) is a clinical entity characterized by low energy availability, which can negatively affect the health and performance of both male and female athletes. The underlying mechanism of RED-S is an inadequacy of dietary energy to support optimal health and performance. This syndrome refers to impaired physiological function, including metabolic rate, menstrual function, bone health, immunity, protein synthesis, and cardiovascular health, with psychological consequences that can either precede (through restrictive dietary habits) or result from RED-S. The term RED-S extends beyond the condition termed the “Female Athlete Triad.” Formerly known as synchronized swimming, artistic swimming is an Olympic sport requiring a high level of fitness as well as technical skill and artistry. The risk of RED-S is high in artistic swimming as it is an aesthetic, judged sport with an emphasis on a lean physique. RED-S is of significant concern in the sport of artistic swimming because of the potential negative effects on physical and mental health as well as consequences on athletic performance. This paper reviews health and performance consequences associated with low energy availability resulting in RED-S in artistic swimming. Medical and nutritional considerations specific to artistic swimming are reviewed, and methods to help detect and manage RED-S are discussed. Prevention and management of RED-S in this athlete population should be a priority for coaches, and the sport medicine professionals working with artistic swimming athletes should utilize the RED-S CAT, a Clinical Assessment Tool for screening and managing RED-S.

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