scholarly journals Choice of address terms in conversational setting

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatma Hülya Özcan
Keyword(s):  
Potential Effect ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Address Forms ◽  
Awareness Raising ◽  
Pragmatic Aspect ◽  
Pragmatic Aspects ◽  
Negative Face ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Address Terms ◽  
Effect Of Age

A choice of an address term signals the relationship between language and society and how a person imagines his/her relationship with the addressee within this society. Address terms, therefore, provides sociolinguistic information about the interlocutors as well as pragmatic aspect of the situation. Previous research have focused on the effect of power and solidarity in the choice of address terms. This study, on the other hand, focuses on the address terms used during spontaneous conversation taking place in a no-power situation. The primary concern of the study is to identify the potential effects of a bilingual situation and a different culture. This study investigated the address terms school children use in a reciprocal situation, which are further analyzed regarding the potential effect of age, gender and being monolingual or bilingual in this issue. For this purpose, the group conversations of 56 monolingual Turkish speaking and 48 monolingual Turkish-Danish speaking children were analyzed. The address terms are coded and classified as emerged from the data. The results have shown that monolingual children use a great variety of address terms while bilingual children dwell on first names more frequently. Choice of address forms are governed by politeness, and positive and negative face. The results will lead to awareness-raising on pragmatic aspects of conversations and social relationship and will have implications on educational context especially in bilingual settings.

Inside and out

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minna Nevala
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Relative Power ◽  
Audience Design ◽  
Address Forms ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Early English ◽  
Pragmatic Aspects ◽  
The Relationship

This article focuses on socio-pragmatic aspects of address forms in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century personal letters in the Corpus of Early English Correspondence (CEEC) by comparing the forms found inside and on the outside of a letter. In addition to providing a wider social perspective, the research questions concern the private and public aspects of address formulae and the influence of different participant roles of the writer and the recipient. Address forms are analysed using Bell’s (1984, 2001) audience design model, as well as Brown and Levinson’s (1987) theory of politeness. The study shows that formulae inside a letter are mainly governed by relative power in the relationship between the writer and the recipient. Address in superscriptions, on the other hand, seems to be the result of taking into consideration both the addressee and the audience with its possible opinions and reactions.

The Impact of Financial Literacy on Financial Preparedness for Retirement in the Small and Medium Enterprises Sector in Uganda

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 26-41
Author(s):  
Colin Agabalinda ◽  
Alain Vilard Ndi Isoh
Keyword(s):  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Moderating Effect ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Retirement Preparedness ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Effect Of Age

The study investigated the direct effects of financial literacy (knowledge, skills, and attitudes) on financial preparedness for retirement and the moderating effect of age among the small and medium enterprises in Uganda. Primary data was collected from a sample of n = 380 selected from the SME workforce. Descriptive analysis was run on SPSS, while validity and reliability of the measurement items yielded satisfactory composite reliability scores and average variance explained (AVE) scores for all items. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to test the hypotheses and multi-group analysis conducted to test for the moderating effect of age on the relationship between financial literacy and retirement preparedness. The results revealed that knowledge and skills were significant predictors of retirement preparedness. However, ‘attitude' was not a significant predictor, and age had no moderating effect on the relationship between the study variables. These findings present practical implications for policymakers and financial educators in a developing country context.

scholarly journals The Effect of Sex and Age on Bone Morphology and Strength in the Metacarpus and Humerus in Beef-Cross-Dairy Cattle

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 694
Author(s):  
Michaela Gibson ◽  
Rebecca Hickson ◽  
Penny Back ◽  
Keren Dittmer ◽  
Nicola Schreurs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Quantitative Computed Tomography ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography ◽  
Bone Size ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Bone Morphology ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Effect Of Age

In cattle, limited data have been reported about the relationship between live weight, bone size, and strength and how this relationship can be altered by factors such as sex and age. The aim of this study was to describe the relationship of peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT)-derived parameters of bone strength and morphology with live weight, age and sex in beef-cross-dairy cattle. All animals were weighed the day before slaughter. The metacarpus and humerus were collected at slaughter and scanned at the mid-diaphysis using pQCT. Live weight was the primary explanatory variable for bone size and strength in all cohorts. However, the effect of age was significant, such that magnitude of response to liveweight was less in the 24-month-old cohort. Sex was significant within cohorts in that bulls had a shorter metacarpus than steers and heifers had a shorter metacarpus than steers at age of slaughter.

scholarly journals Can we predict the future: juvenile finfish and their seagrass nurseries in the Chesapeake Bay

2013 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 681-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia M. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Chesapeake Bay ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Seagrass Habitat ◽  
Important Conclusion ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Landscape Level

Abstract The importance of estuarine seagrass beds as nurseries for juvenile fish has become a universal paradigm, especially for estuaries that are as important as the Chesapeake Bay. Yet, scientific tests of this hypothesis were equivocal depending on species, location, and metrics. Moreover, seagrasses themselves are under threat and one-third of seagrasses have disappeared worldwide with 65% of their losses occurring in estuaries. Although there have been extensive studies of seagrasses in the Chesapeake Bay, surprisingly few studies have quantified the relationship between seagrass as nurseries for finfish in the Bay. Of the few studies that have directly evaluated the use of seagrass nurseries, most have concentrated on single species or were of short duration. Few landscape-level or long-term studies have examined this relationship in the Bay or explored the potential effect of climate change. This review paper summarizes the seagrass habitat value as nurseries and presents recent juvenile fish studies that address the dearth of research at the long term and landscape level with an emphasis on the Chesapeake Bay. An important conclusion upon the review of these studies is that predicting the effects of climate change on fishery production remains uncertain.

Reported Intimacy and Dominance Gestures by Women in a Corporate Setting

1983 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 1007-1010
Author(s):  
Aghop Der-Karabetian ◽  
Eric Rico
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Sexual Intimacy ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Effect Of Age

The study tested the relationship of reported intimacy and dominance gestures by women in a corporate setting. The effect of age and marital status was also examined. The reported frequencies of the two types of gestures were uncorrelated ( r = .28). However, dominance was reported more frequently ( M = 9.85, SD = 1.8) than sexual intimacy ( M = 5.76, SD = 3.1). The 34 younger women reported more dominance and less sexual intimacy than the 48 older women. Single persons reported being targets of more dominance gestures than the married, but the younger women reported less sexual intimacy. Possible explanations for the findings are discussed.

Impact of Age on Pay Satisfaction and Job Satisfaction Leading to Turnover Intention: A Study of Young Working Professionals in India

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajashik Roy Choudhury ◽  
Varun Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Turnover Intention ◽  
Turnover Intentions ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Moderating Effect ◽  
Pay Satisfaction ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Study Offer

In this study, the authors contribute insight into the relationship between pay satisfaction and turnover intention as well as between job satisfaction and turnover intention amongst young Indian professionals by segregating the respondents into two groups based on the median age. Data were collected from 230 working Indian executives, having median age of 25, from various industries such as Information Technology, Public Sector Units, Pharmacy, and Fast Moving Consumer Goods where they expressed their views on turnover intentions, job satisfaction & pay satisfaction in their respective organizations. The results revealed the negative relationship between turnover intention and job satisfaction and also between turnover intention and pay satisfaction. However, when age is introduced as a variable having a moderating effect on the above relationships, it was noticed that pay satisfaction is more significant than job satisfaction when it comes to intention to quit a job for employees who are relatively experienced having an age greater than the median age of 25; whereas, for employees less than the median age, turnover intention is driven more by job satisfaction than pay satisfaction. Findings from this study offer important implications for theory & research in turnover intention driven by factors like pay satisfaction and job satisfaction with the moderating effect of age of employees.

Face Threatening Acts in Wayang Golek

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Ramdan Sukmawan ◽  
Siska Hestiana
Keyword(s):  
Data Use ◽  
Bad News ◽  
Strong Emotion ◽  
Negative Face ◽  
Address Terms

<p>This study aims at describing negative and positive face threatening acts of puppetry’s figures in Wayang Golek show. The data use are puppetry figure’s spoken conversation dialogue in Wayang Golek show. The findings to study are the expressions of negative face threatening acts of order and request, suggestion, advice, threat, offer, promise, compliment, expression of strong emotion of hatred and anger toward hearer. The positive face threatening acts are the expressions of disapproval, criticism, contempt, insult, challenge, expression of violent emotion, irreverence, mention of taboo topic, bringing of bad news about hearer, blatant non-cooperation in activity of making non-sequiturs, and use of address terms of status-marked identification in initial encounter. </p>

The measurement of the effects of inherent and environmental factors on the lactose content of the milk of individual cows and of the herd bulk milk in a number of commercial herds

1968 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Walsh ◽  
J. A. F. Rook ◽  
F. H. Dodd
Keyword(s):  
Lactation Period ◽  
Age Changes ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Similar Range ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Range Of Values ◽  
Effect Of Age

Summary(1) In a previous paper (Walsh, Rook & Dodd, 1968) a scheme was devised in which the potential milk lactose content for individual cows was predicted from the observed potassium-to-lactose ratio in the milk, and the difference between the predicted potential and the actual milk lactose contents was partitioned into effects due to age, changes with stage of lactation and inter-quarter difference. The scheme was based on repeated analyses for potassium and lactose of milk from the separate quarters of the udder of each animal at intervals throughout a single lactation, and was applied to 2 commercial herds. A simplified scheme, in which analyses are confined to milk secreted in mid-lactation and in which the measurement of the effect of changes with stage of lactation is omitted, has now been applied to a further 6 commercial herds. The results are reported here, together with those for the mid-lactation period for the 2 herds studied previously.(2) The potassium and lactose contents of the milk of uninfected quarters of the heifers in 4 of the 6 herds and of the second-lactation animals in the 5th herd, which had no heifers, were found to conform with the relationship established previously (Walsh & Rook, 1964) on which the prediction of potential lactose content is based. The values for heifers in the 6th herd did not conform, and the results for this herd are therefore not reported.(3) The range of herd mean values for SNF content was 8·17–8·62% and for lactose content 4·33–4·72%. The overall range for all herds for the predicted potential lactose content of the milk of individual cows was 5·06–5·71 (g/100g milk water). Herd mean values for predicted potential lactose content were, however, generally similar, ranging from 5·240 to 5·486 (g/100g milk water).(4) The range of values for individual cows and the herd mean values for the effects of age and inter-quarter difference showed important differences from herd to herd. Herd mean values for the effect of age varied from −0·028 to −0·266 (g/100g milk water), and there was a similar range, of −0·074 to −0·251 (g/100g milk water), for the effect of inter-quarter difference. In herds where the effect of age was high, the effect of inter-quarter difference also was high.(5) The effects of inter-quarter difference and of udder infections were similar. The loss in milk lactose content was about twice as high in quarters infected with streptococci as in quarters infected with staphylococci.(6) Estimates of herd values for potential lactose content and for the combined effects of age and inter-quarter difference based on analyses of herd bulk milk agreed with corresponding estimates based on analyses of the milk of individual animals within the herd.(7) The importance of variation in milk lactose content as a source of variation in SNF content and the relative importance of predicted potential lactose content and the effects of age and inter-quarter difference as a source of variation in milk lactose content are discussed.

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