scholarly journals Changes in seed oil and protein contents of maize cultivars at different positions on the ear in response to water limitation

2016 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 311
Author(s):  
Kazem Ghassemi-Golezani ◽  
Shabnam Heydari ◽  
Bahareh Ghassemi-Golezani
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Water Limitation ◽  
Maize Cultivars ◽  
Seed Position ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Oil Percentage ◽  
Irrigation Treatments ◽  
Response To Water

A field experiment was carried out as split-split plot in 2014 to assess the effects of four irrigation treatments (irrigations after 60, 80, 100 and 120 mm evaporation, respectively) on<strong> </strong>oil and protein changes of maize cultivars (SC704, NS640 and DC303: Late, mid and early maturing cultivars, respectively) at different seed positions on the ear (upper, middle and lower positions on the ear). Overall, the highest seed yield was obtained from SC704, followed by NS640 and DC303 cultivars. Seed yield of all cultivars was higher at lower seed position on ear than at middle and upper parts of the ear under different irrigation treatments. The highest oil and protein yields were also recorded for seeds at lower position on the ear. Seed yield of all maize cultivars at various seed positions decreased with increasing irrigation intervals. Oil percentage decreased, but protein percentage increased with decreasing water availability. Water limitation decreased oil and protein yields of maize cultivars. Changes in protein and oil yields of maize cultivars at different seed positions and irrigation treatments were attributed to changes in seed yield.

Stabilization of pH in Solid-matrix Hydroponic Systems

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 981-984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Frick ◽  
Cary A. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Exchange Resin ◽  
Cation Exchange Resin ◽  
Solid Matrix ◽  
Resin Bead ◽  
Resin Beads ◽  
Hydroponic Systems ◽  
Ethanesulfonic Acid ◽  
Substrate Ph

2-[N-morpholino] ethanesulfonic acid (MES) buffer or Amberlite DP-1 (cation-exchange resin beads) were used to stabilize substrate pH of passive-wicking, solid-matrix hydroponic systems in which small canopies of Brassica napus L. (CrGC 5-2, genome: ACaacc) were grown to maturity. Two concentrations of MES (5 or 10 m m) were included in Hoagland 1 nutrient solution. Alternatively, resin beads were incorporated into the 2 vermiculite: 1 perlite (v/v) growth medium at 6% or 12% of total substrate volume. Both strategies stabilized pH without toxic side effects on plants. Average seed yield rates for all four pH stabilization treatments (13.3 to 16.9 g·m-2·day-1) were about double that of the control (8.2 g·m-2·day-1), for which there was no attempt to buffer substrate pH. Both the highest canopy seed yield rate (16.9 g·m-2·day-1) and the highest shoot harvest index (19.5%) occurred with the 6% resin bead treatment, even though the 10 mm MES and 12% bead treatments maintained pH within the narrowest limits. The pH stabilization methods tested did not significantly affect seed oil and protein contents.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of stomatal conductance to soil moisture: implications for tropospheric ozone

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Anav ◽  
Chiara Proietti ◽  
Laurent Menut ◽  
Stefano Carnicelli ◽  
Alessandra De Marco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Lower Atmosphere ◽  
Water Limitation

Abstract. Soil moisture and water stress play a pivotal role in regulating stomatal behaviour of plants; however, in the last decade, the role of water availability was often neglected in atmospheric chemistry modelling studies as well as in integrated risk assessments, despite through stomata plants remove a large amount of atmospheric compounds from the lower troposphere. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of soil water limitation on stomatal conductance and assess the resulting changes in atmospheric chemistry testing various hypotheses of water uptake by plants in the rooting zone; following the main assumption that roots maximize water uptake, i.e. they adsorb water at different soil depths depending on the water availability, we improve the dry deposition scheme within the chemistry transport model CHIMERE. Results highlight how dry deposition significantly declines when soil moisture is used to regulate the stomatal opening, mainly in the semi-arid environments: in particular, over Europe the amount of ozone removed by dry deposition in one year without considering any soil water limitation to stomatal conductance is about 8.5 Tg O3, while using a dynamic layer that ensures plants to maximize the water uptake from soil, we found a reduction of about 10 % in the amount of ozone removed by dry deposition (~ 7.7 Tg O3). Despite dry deposition occurs from top of canopy to ground level, it affects the concentration of gases remaining into the lower atmosphere with a significant impact on ozone concentration (up to 4 ppb) extending from the surface to the upper troposphere (up to 650 hPa). Our results shed light on the importance of improving the parameterizations of processes occurring at plant level (i.e. from the soil to the canopy) as they have significant implications on concentration of gases in the lower troposphere.

scholarly journals Heliotropism and water availability effects on flowering dynamics and seed production in Macroptilium lathyroides

2006 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Martins dos Santos ◽  
Luis Mauro Gonçalves Rosa ◽  
Lucia Brandão Franke ◽  
Carlos Nabinger
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Leaf Movements ◽  
Independent Effects ◽  
Total Seed ◽  
Macroptilium Lathyroides ◽  
Response To Water

The experiment was carried out in pots in a glasshouse, with one plant per pot and nine repetitions per treatment. The treatments consisted of free or restricted leaves, submited to 90-100% or 60-70% soil field capacity (FC). Only independent effects of water availability or leaf movement were observed on yield components. Plants under well-watered conditions and with freely orienting leaves were taller, and had a larger number of ramifications. The greater development favored the setting of a higher number of inflorescences per plant in these treatments. This behavior resulted in a high number of flowers, green and mature legumes per plant, thus resulting in high seed production which was the most evident response to water availability. Although individual seed weight was higher in the water stress treatment, total seed production was higher for well-watered plants, with no statistically significant effect of leaf movements.

scholarly journals Yield, Antioxidant Components, Oil Content, and Composition of Onion Seeds Are Influenced by Planting Time and Density

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmine Amalfitano ◽  
Nadezhda A. Golubkina ◽  
Laura Del Vacchio ◽  
Giuseppe Russo ◽  
Mario Cannoniero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Density Increase ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Planting Time ◽  
Plant Leaf ◽  
Crop Cycle

Research was carried out on onion landrace (Ramata di Montoro) for seed production in southern Italy, with the aim to evaluate the effects on yield and quality of four bulb planting times in factorial combination with four densities, using a split plot design with three replicates. The number of flower stalks per plant, their height and diameter, and the inflorescence diameter decreased with the bulb planting delay and density increase. The highest plant leaf area and LAI (leaf area index), seed yield, number, and mean weight were recorded with the earliest planting time, with the lowest bulb density eliciting the highest plant leaf area but the lowest LAI and seed yield per hectare. The ratio between seeds and inflorescence weight, and seed germinability, decreased with the planting delay and density increase. Seed oil, protein, and antioxidant content (polyphenols and selenium) were highest with the last crop cycle. The polyunsaturated fatty acids, predominant in oil, increased with planting time delay, whereas the monounsaturated fatty acids decreased. Linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acid prevailed among polyunsaturated, monounsaturated, and saturated fatty acids, respectively. Planting from 20 December to 10 January with 3.3 cold-stored bulbs per m2 was the most effective combination in terms of seed yield per hectare, whereas seed oil content and quality were the best, with the last crop cycle starting on 21 February, independent of bulb density.

Recovery of field-grown canola from sulfur deficiency

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Hocking ◽  
A Pinkerton ◽  
A Good
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
No Reduction ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Potassium Sulfate ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
S Deficiency ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Seed Yields

Sulfate-sulfur was applied to sulfur (S)-deficient canola at several growth stages in a field experiment at Cargo near Orange, New South Wales. Applications of 0, 10 or 40 kg S/ha (S0, S10 and S40) as mixtures of potassium sulfate and potassium chloride were made at sowing, the 5-6 leaf rosette stage, flower buds visible, stem elongation and first flowering. The plots received either 80 or 160 kg nitrogen (N)/ha at sowing. Plants from the S0 plots showed symptoms of severe S deficiency during rapid stem elongation, and had a 52% reduction in seed yield and a 21% reduction in seed oil concentration compared with the S40 plants. Application of S10 at sowing, or topdressing S-deficient plants with this rate of S, was inadequate because, although seed oil concentrations were normal (39-42%), seed yields were 25% lower than those from plots that received S40. Topdressing S-deficient plants with S40 at either the 5-6 leaf rosette stage, flower buds visible or stem elongation resulted in the same seed yields and seed oil concentrations as obtained when S40 was applied at sowing. However, there was a 15% reduction in seed yield but no reduction in seed oil concentration when the S40 topdressing was delayed until flowering. Although S10 was inadequate to correct the S deficiency, there was no reduction in either seed yield or seed oil concentration when S10 was topdressed as late as flowering, when compared with this rate of S applied at sowing. Seed meal protein levels were increased by the S40 topdressings. Concentrations of S in seed from the S0 and S10 plants were below the critical value of 0.36% for canola. Seed N:S concentration ratios of S-deficient plants were greater than 10, but 7.5 for plants which received adequate S. Total glucosinolates in seed were increased by the application of S, but the levels were still well below the limit set for the canola standard.

Comparative Performance of Early-maturing Maize Cultivars Developed in Three Eras under Drought Stress and Well-watered Environments in West Africa

Crop Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 1298-1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Badu-Apraku ◽  
M. Oyekunle ◽  
A. Menkir ◽  
K. Obeng-Antwi ◽  
C. G. Yallou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Comparative Performance ◽  
Maize Cultivars ◽  
Early Maturing

scholarly journals Carbon–water flux coupling under progressive drought

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (13) ◽  
pp. 2557-2572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Boese ◽  
Martin Jung ◽  
Nuno Carvalhais ◽  
Adriaan J. Teuling ◽  
Markus Reichstein
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Soil Water Availability ◽  
Natural Experiments ◽  
Water Limitation ◽  
Dry Down ◽  
Use Efficiency

Abstract. Water-use efficiency (WUE), defined as the ratio of carbon assimilation over evapotranspiration (ET), is a key metric to assess ecosystem functioning in response to environmental conditions. It remains unclear which factors control this ratio during periods of extended water limitation. Here, we used dry-down events occurring at eddy-covariance flux tower sites in the FLUXNET database as natural experiments to assess if and how decreasing soil-water availability modifies WUE at ecosystem scale. WUE models were evaluated by their performance to predict ET from both the gross primary productivity (GPP), which characterizes carbon assimilation at ecosystem scale, and environmental variables. We first compared two water-use efficiency models: the first was based on the concept of a constant underlying water-use efficiency, and the second augmented the first with a previously detected direct influence of radiation on transpiration. Both models predicting ET strictly from atmospheric covariates failed to reproduce observed ET dynamics for these periods, as they did not explicitly account for the effect of soil-water limitation. We demonstrate that an ET-attenuating soil-water-availability factor in junction with the additional radiation term was necessary to accurately predict ET flux magnitudes and dry-down lengths of these water-limited periods. In an analysis of the attenuation of ET for the 31 included FLUXNET sites, up to 50 % of the observed decline in ET was due to the soil-water-availability effect we identified in this study. We conclude by noting that the rates of ET decline differ significantly between sites with different vegetation and climate types and discuss the dependency of this rate on the variability of seasonal dryness.

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