scholarly journals Mediation in Georgia. Development perspectives and challenges

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Megi Bibiluri
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
The Government ◽  
Labour Disputes ◽  
Settlement Of Disputes ◽  
Civil Courts ◽  
The Given

The article discusses the legal and systemic issues of the creation of a modern mediation institution in Georgia. It discusses Georgia’s historic experience traditions of settlements of disputes by means of peaceful methods, part of which are still preserved in the high mountainous regions of the country. In 2013, the country was also introduced to the mediation for settlement of collective labour disputes, which is implemented by active involvement from the government. Already existing statistics demonstrate that mediation in the given sphere is effective and actually serves for the settlement of disputes between employers and groups of employees. In 2019, Georgia adopted the law on mediation, which regulates the issue of private mediation conduction andexecution of achieved agreements. Mediators training and professional development system were created. By the adoption of the given Law ended the almost eightyear phase of mediation legal and institutional regulation,which,  according to the opinion of the author of the article, was a process prolonged in time. Unified Law could have been adopted at the early stage of the reform which would have made the process of extensive usage of mediation in the country faster. As reason for introduction of mediation institution in Georgia is named the obligations of the country in the process of integration with the European Union, overloading of civil courts in the country and prolonged disputes.

Participación ciudadana y normas europeas: un potencial por explotar.

2020 ◽  
pp. 107-145
Author(s):  
María Jesús GARCÍA GARCÍA
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
European Union ◽  
Participatory Democracy ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Regulatory Policy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Regulatory Approach ◽  
Smart Regulation ◽  
The Government ◽  
National Economies

LABURPENA: Legegintza-egintzen prestaketa arrazionalizatzearen alde egiten duen arautze-politikaren testuinguruan kokatu behar da Europako arauak demokratikoki legitimatzeko herritarrek izango duten parte-hartzea, kontua ez baita lege gehiago egitea, hobeto egitea baizik. Hain zuzen ere, herritarrek arau-ekoizpeneko prozesuetan parte hartzea da “bigarren belaunaldiko erregulazio” horren elementuetako bat. Izan ere, erregulazio horren bidez sortuko diren arauak aldez aurretik planifikatuta egongo dira, eraginkorrak eta efikazak izango dira Europako arauketa behar duten gaietan eragingo dutelako, proiektatzen diren sektorean izango dituzten ondorioak aurreratzen saiatuko dira, eta, indarrean dauden bitartean, etengabe ebaluatuko dira, hobetu daitezkeen edo zaharkituak edo garestiegiak izan daitezkeen edukiak hautemateko. “Legeria adimenduna” deritzona da emaitza, hau da, demokrazia parte-hartzailearen mekanismoak erabiltzen dituena eta bere behar eta helburuetara egokitzen dituena, arauak egiteko prozeduretan integratuz. Lan honetan, mekanismo horiek aztertzen dira, haien eraginkortasun praktikoa eta ordenamendu juridikoan duten eragina baloratzen da, eta agerian uzten dira mekanismo horien eraginkortasun osoa eragozten eta zailtzen duten arazoak eta gabeziak, edo mekanismo horiek sortu zireneko helburu nagusitik aldentzen dituztenak. Horrez gain, lan honetan, mekanismo horien tratamendu juridikoa birformulatzeko proposamenak egiten dira, haien jatorrizko helburura egokitzeko. ABSTRACT: Citizens collaborate with the government in the lawmaking process at an early stage and throughout the life of a legislative act by means of periodic consultations and citizens´ initiatives. This paper focuses on consultation and citizens´ initiatives as the principal mechanisms for participatory democracy in the context of smart regulation lawmaking in the European Union. A regulatory policy based on smart regulation takes the view that legislation and regulations serve the economy and, therefore, legal acts must aim to create conditions capable of boosting national economies and economic growth. Such a regulatory policy is informed by a set of principles which includes transparency, cooperation, accountability, efficiency, effectiveness, participation and openness, and is applicable to both regulatory institutions and regulations. This regulatory approach takes the view that regulations are of better quality when they have been influenced by citizens, and smart regulation results in participatory democracy. RESUMEN: El recurso a la participación ciudadana para legitimar democráticamente las normas europeas ha de situarse en el contexto de una política regulatoria que aboga por racionalizar la elaboración de actos legislativos, considerando que no se trata de legislar más, sino mejor. Precisamente, la participación de los ciudadanos en los procesos de producción normativa es uno de los elementos que caracterizan esta “regulación de segunda generación”, dirigida a la producción de normas cuya aprobación ha sido planificada de antemano, que pretenden ser efectivas y eficaces al incidir sobre cuestiones que realmente necesitan de una regulación europea, que tratan de anticipar sus efectos sobre el sector sobre el que se proyectan, y que están sometidas a un continuo proceso de evaluación durante su vigencia para detectar aquellos contendidos que pueden ser mejorados o que han devenido obsoletos o excesivamente gravosos. El resultado es la llamada “legislación inteligente”, que hace uso de los mecanismos de la democracia participativa y los remodela y adapta a sus necesidades y objetivos, integrándolos en los procedimientos de elaboración de normas. En este trabajo se analizan los citados mecanismos, se valora su eficacia práctica y su repercusión en el ordenamiento jurídico, poniendo de manifiesto los problemas y carencias que impiden y dificultan su completa efectividad o los distraen del objetivo principal para el que fueron concebidos, al tiempo que se realizan propuestas dirigidas a reformular su tratamiento jurídico para adecuarlos a su finalidad primigenia.

TTIP, CETA, and TiSA Behind Closed Doors

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Delimatsis
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Global Governance ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
European Parliament ◽  
Trade Negotiations ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Eu

Secrecy and informality rather than transparency traditionally reign trade negotiations at the bilateral, regional, and multilateral levels. Yet, transparency ranks among the most basic desiderata in the grammar of global governance and has been regarded as positively related to legitimacy. In the EU’s case, transparent trade diplomacy is quintessential for constitutional—but also for broader political—reasons. First, even if trade matters fall within the EU’s exclusive competence, the EU executive is bound by the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) to inform the European Parliament, the EU co-legislator, in regular intervals. Second, transparency at an early stage is important to address public reluctance, suspicion, or even opposition regarding a particular trade deal. This chapter chronicles the quest for and turning moments relating to transparency during the EU trade negotiations with Canada (CETA); the US (TTIP), and various WTO members on services (TiSA).

scholarly journals Assessment of Research and Development Financing Based on the Strategies in EU: Case of Sweden, Slovakia and Romania

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8628
Author(s):  
Emília Duľová Spišáková ◽  
Barbora Gontkovičová ◽  
Emil Spišák
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Economic Reform ◽  
The European Union ◽  
2030 Agenda ◽  
Processing Data ◽  
Europe 2020 ◽  
Europe 2020 Strategy ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Given

Research and development have been of interest to the European Union for a long time. This topic is also underlined in economic reform agendas and plans that have the form of strategies with clearly set targets. The article deals with the issue of financing R&D activities from the perspective of the share of expenditure to GDP, the total amount of funds spent on R&D, the share of expenditure per capita, and the structure of expenditure. The aim is to analyze and compare development in the field of R&D financing in selected countries of the European Union with emphasis on achieving the Europe 2020 target and to point out the expected development of the indicator for the first years of the validity of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. During the processing of the article, mathematical and statistical methods (regression and correlation analysis) were used in addition to standard logic methods intended for processing data and drawing conclusions (synthesis, induction). The final evaluates the achievement of the target in the field of R&D financing in accordance with the target of the Europe 2020 strategy and, using regression, predicts the development of the given indicator for coming years.

Euroatlanske integracije i savremeni izazovi razvojne politike javnog komuniciranja u Bosni i Hercegovini

2017 ◽  
pp. 33-50
Author(s):  
Mirza Mehmedović
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Information Needs ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Media Policy ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Public Media ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Many

In the middle of the second decade of the twenty-first century, Bosnia and Herzegovina is at the crossroads of political, economic and cultural revitalization of the society as a country that declarative aims for application of European principles of political organization and the membership in the European Union. On this way there are many open issues that are the result of twenty years of political and economic stagnation or collapse of all elements that should be the foundation for the stabilization of a modern democratic society in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The internal reconstruction of the political system and the revitalisation of the institutions of the government or different holders of political reforms means at the same time the fulfilment of the conditions of accession to Euro-Atlantic integration. The development of a unified media policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the establishment of public media service in accordance with the requirements of the European Union and the interests of all citizens are the top issues among the many current challenges that we have to deal with in the future. But for Bosnia and Herzegovina it is not exclusively the interest of communicational research. It must be necessarily seen in the wider context as a political, cultural and economic issue, because the establishment of a single media/communication system is one of the key requirements for a political compromise, the integration of society and the harmonization of other common (primarily economic) interests for all citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina. One of the key requirements for defining a unified media policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina is agreeing / reconciliation of all complex (heterogeneous) cultural characteristics, as well as the specific characteristics of modern communication situation in a model that would respond to the specific information needs of citizens and the standards applied by the European Union.

THE EUROPEAN UNION AND ITALY RELATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF SUPRANATIONAL FISCAL REGULATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 208-221
Author(s):  
Dmitrii О. Mikhalev ◽  
◽  
Egor’ A. Sergeev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Budget Deficit ◽  
Stability And Growth Pact ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Growth Pact ◽  
Discretionary Fiscal Policy ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Eu

The article presents a retrospective analysis of relations between the government of Italy and the European Union institutions in the context of supranational fiscal regulation in 2002–2019. The authors analyze the influence of external and internal factors on the state of public finance in Italy, note the reasons that made it difficult to meet the requirements of the Stability and Growth Pact, study the main issues on the agenda in the EU-Italy relations and their evolution. The authors also come to conclusion that unlike the earlier discussions about correcting budget deficit in Italy, current focus of supranational fiscal governance is shifted to preventing it, what challenges the economic sovereignty of Italy and country’s opportunities to conduct a discretionary fiscal policy.

The ‘Pillared-Privatisation’ of Pension Provision in the European Union: The Case of the United Kingdom

2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Ring ◽  
Roddy McKinnon
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
World Bank ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Means Testing ◽  
The Road ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Uk ◽  
National Governments

Across the European Union, national governments are re-assessing the institutional mechanisms through which pension provision is delivered. This articles sets the debate within the wider context of the ‘pillared’ structural analysis often adopted by international institutions when discussing pensions reform. It then sets out a detailed discussion of developments in the UK, arguing that the UK is moving towards a model of reform akin to that promoted by the World Bank – referred to here as ‘pillared-privatisation’. The themes of this model indicate more means-testing, greater private provision, and a shift of the burden of risk from the government to individuals. An assessment is then made of the implications of UK developments for other EU countries. It is suggested that while there are strong reasons to think that other countries will not travel as far down the road of ‘pillared-privatisation’ as the UK, this should not be taken as a ‘given’.

scholarly journals Potential of open data in the Czech Republic

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Boubin
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Innovation Management ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Further Development

The paper Potential of open data in the Czech Republic deals with the current situation of open data government and autonomous institutions in the Czech Republic in comparison with other European Union countries (Great Britain, France, Belgium, Austria, Estonia, ...) and defines the possibilities of open data economic development of the Czech Republic. Methodology of the paper includes a search resources dealing with the issue of open data in the Czech Republic and the European Union, comparing the obtained data, the analysis of obtained data and draft of recommendations for further development. The first part is an evaluation of the current situation and the situation compared with other EU countries. Further conditions for further development and evaluation of the potential of open data for the Czech Republic. The final section of the paper deals with evaluation of possibilities open application data management processes of companies in the Czech Republic in terms of strategic and innovation management. The result is an overview of the potential use of open data in the context of economic development and an estimate of the trend in applications open at the government level.

The European Union Artificial Intelligence Act: Potential implications for Australia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1037969X2110523
Author(s):  
Dan Svantesson
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
European Union ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Proposed Regulation

The European Union (EU) published its proposed Regulation laying down harmonised rules for Artificial Intelligence (the Artificial Intelligence Act) on 21 April 2021. Once it comes into force, this Act will impact upon Australia. It is therefore important that Australians take note of the proposal at this relatively early stage. This article brings attention to the key features of the EU’s proposed Artificial Intelligence Act. However, the main aim is to highlight why it is important for Australia and to examine, in some detail, the rules that will determine when the Act applies to Australians.

What Changed?

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Necati Polat
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Identity Politics ◽  
The European Union ◽  
High Courts ◽  
Turkish Politics ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Military

This chapter provides an outline of the change that took place in Turkey between 2007 and 2011, signalling a historic shift in the use of power in the country, long controlled by a staunch and virtually autonomous bureaucracy, both military and civilian, and known as ‘the state’, in the face of the chronically fragile democratic politics, forming ‘the government’. The time-honoured identity politics of the very bureaucracy, centred on ‘Westernisation’ as a policy incentive, was deftly appropriated by the ruling AKP via newly tightened links with the European Union to transform the settled centre-periphery relations often considered to be pivotal to Turkish politics, and reconfigure access to power. The chapter details the gradual fall of the bureaucracy—that is, the military, the higher education, and the system of high courts—and recounts the basic developments in foreign policy and on the domestic scene during and immediately after the change.

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