scholarly journals The role of extensive recasts in error detection and correction by adult ESL students

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Hawkes ◽  
Hossein Nassaji
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Error Detection ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Communicative Interaction ◽  
Adult Esl ◽  
Error Detection And Correction ◽  
Original Definition ◽  
Written Test ◽  
Definition Of

Most of the laboratory studies on recasts have examined the role of intensive recasts provided repeatedly on the same target structure. This is different from the original definition of recasts as the reformulation of learner errors as they occur naturally and spontaneously in the course of communicative interaction. Using a within-group research design and a new testing methodology (video-based stimulated correction posttest), this laboratory study examined whether extensive and spontaneous recasts provided during small-group work were beneficial to adult L2 learners. Participants were 26 ESL learners, who were divided into seven small groups (3-5 students per group), and each group participated in an oral activity with a teacher. During the activity, the students received incidental and extensive recasts to half of their errors; the other half of their errors received no feedback. Students’ ability to detect and correct their errors in the three types of episodes was assessed using two types of tests: a stimulated correction test (a video-based computer test) and a written test. Students’ reaction time on the error detection portion of the stimulated correction task was also measured. The results showed that students were able to detect more errors in error+recast (error followed by the provision of a recast) episodes than in error-recast (error and no recast provided) episodes (though this difference did not reach statistical significance). They were also able to successfully and partially successfully correct more errors in error+recast episodes than in error-recast episodes, and this difference was statistically significant on the written test. The reaction time results also point towards a benefit from recasts, as students were able to complete the task (slightly) more quickly for error+recast episodes than for error-recast episodes.

scholarly journals The intercultural encounter as a communicative event subject to mediation

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 59-74
Author(s):  
Grażyna Zarzycka
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Foreign Language Teaching ◽  
Speech Communication ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Original Definition ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The University

The aim of this article is to discuss the place and role of the intercultural encounter (IE) in communication and education, including in foreign language teaching. Firstly, I present the IE as a communicative event and define it using terms developed by ethnographers of speech (communication). Secondly, I discuss the concepts contained in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. Companion Volume with New Descriptors (CEFR 2018) relating to the mediation of text, concepts, and communication, and present the original definition of mediation in intercultural contacts. That section emphasises that mediation does not only act as an intermediary facilitating the course of a communication event but also as an “understanding interview with oneself.” Next, I discuss theoretical concepts related to the IE, I describe it as a tool used in teaching and intercultural education, and I present a description of the IE by a student of the Teaching Polish as a Foreign/Second Language course at the University of Lodz. Finally, I analyse an example description of an IE and present preliminary conclusions on how to use IE descriptions in various educational contexts.

scholarly journals Biomechanická analýza štartových skokov v plávaní

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-125
Author(s):  
Ivan Matúš
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Maximum Force ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Horizontal Force

Presented research comes up with results representing a role of speed-force and timing parameters in four start types at the track of 7.5 m and 10 m distance. Eighteen performance male swimmers (age 23.4±2.1), specialists in sprint event, participated in this study. We noticed the highest measured vertical force in swimming starts with rearward stretch (ZŠSN, AŠSN) in both track distances. For the horizontal force in the tracks of both distances we noticed the highest values of maximum force in grab starts (ZŠS, ZŠSN), but the average values were the highest in the track starts (AŠSN, AŠS). From the timing parameters on the starting block, the shortest reaction time was measured in swimming starts with rearward stretch (ZŠSN, AŠSN). The shortest movement and starting reaction time from the starting block was measured in the swimming start with rearward stretch (ZŠSN, AŠSN) in both track distances. The shortest time of a flight and gliding phase for the track of 7.5 m and 10 m distance we measured in the track start with rearward. Difference between the first and the second fastest time in the track of 7.5 m distance to 0,02 s, but the track of 10 m distance was doubled. On the basis of these results we recommend to swimmer sprinters to use mainly the track start with rearward. The statistical significance of differences in speed-force parameters pointed on the differences between the four types of swimming starts. In all types of the starts were shown close relations between the track time for 7.5 m and 10 m distance, horizontal force parameters and the time of the flight and gliding phase.

On bilinguals’ development of metalinguistic awareness and its transfer to L3 learning: The role of language characteristics

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuan-Jung Huang
Keyword(s):  
Error Detection ◽  
Metalinguistic Awareness ◽  
Inflectional Morphology ◽  
Nonverbal Intelligence ◽  
Bilingual Advantage ◽  
Error Detection And Correction ◽  
Southern Min ◽  
Language Characteristics ◽  
The Impact

Aims: With language characteristics shown to be a factor mediating bilinguals’ metalinguistic awareness, the present study attempts to give a clearer picture of the impact of language characteristics, avoiding confounds such as exposure opportunities and language experiences, which previous studies with comparisons made between monolinguals and bilinguals were subject to. Design: Two groups of bilinguals speaking the same first language (L1) but different second languages (L2s) were tested for their performance on a morphosyntactic awareness task. Other confounds (L1 proficiency and nonverbal intelligence) were statistically controlled. Data and Analysis: After five outliers were deleted, data from 22 Chinese–English bilinguals and 20 Chinese–Southern Min bilinguals were analyzed, by mainly using analyses of covariance. Findings: The results showed that, with nonverbal intelligence and Chinese proficiency controlled for, Chinese–English bilinguals scored significantly higher than their counterparts only on the past tense suffix task, one tested feature in which Chinese and English differ but which both Chinese and Southern Min lack. They did not, however, differ on the other contrasting feature, present suffix, probably due to its inconsistent presence in English. The two groups showed no difference on subject–object–verb and inflectional negation features that both their L1s and L2s lack. Originality: Unlike the metalinguistic awareness measure (grammatical error detection and correction) commonly used in previous studies, our task was adapted into a version using an unlearned third language (L3) (Japanese), which could reflect children’s cross-language transfer of metalinguistic knowledge. Besides, our metamorphological awareness measure was focused on inflectional morphology, whose influence on the bilingual advantage should be important but has yet received scant attention in the earlier literature. Significance: The overall results cross-validated the important role of language characteristics in bilinguals’ development of metalinguistic awareness and suggested that the metamorphological awareness is likely to facilitate bilinguals’ learning of an L3.

DEATH ANXIETY IN THE KILLER PERSONALITY STRUCTURE WITH TRANSCENDENT PURPOSE

2021 ◽  
pp. 103-109
Author(s):  
Юлия Николаевна Корепанова
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Death Anxiety ◽  
Personality Type ◽  
Communicative Interaction ◽  
Personal Meanings ◽  
Law Enforcement Officials ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of

Статья посвящена рассмотрению феномена страха смерти в психологии так называемых трансцендентных убийц («некрофильского типа личности»). На сегодняшний момент не существует единого мнения относительно факторов надежно детерминирующих преступную участь человека, вопрос по-прежнему составляет предмет научных дискуссий. В психолого-криминологических типологиях не представлена рассматриваемая категория убийц, несмотря на то что многие отечественные и зарубежные исследователи описывали подобный тип личности, широко использовали термин «социальный некрофил» и ему подобные. В статье раскрывается психологическая основа преступного поведения. Описывается роль тревоги в механизме формирования бессознательных насильственных установок. Объясняется психологический смысл убийств, совершаемых социальными некрофилами. Автор акцентирует внимание на парадоксальности, специфичности отношения убийц с трансцендентными влечениями к смерти: страх перед ней и одновременное стремление к ней на основе душевного сродства (особой формы личностных смыслов) для реализации как осознаваемых, так и бессознательных целей. Подчеркивает принципиальную важность самопознания в жизни каждого индивида, образующего смысл жизни, дающего ощущение полноты и радости. Задается вопросом о роли внутриутробного периода развития плода в механизме «психологического рождения» в момент появления на свет. В представленном аналитическом материале, преимущественно благодаря трудам Ю. М. Антоняна и открытиям психоаналитического направления в науке, уточняется и предлагается определение исследуемой категории убийц. В дискуссионном стиле проводится обзор различных теорий, гипотез, научных воззрений, исследующих истоки и значение страха смерти в механизме преступного поведения убийц с трансцендентными влечениями. Приводятся авторские умозаключения по исследуемому в статье вопросу. Статья поможет представителям правоохранительных органов глубже понимать психологические механизмы и причины преступного поведения, использовать полученные знания при раскрытии преступлений, эффективнее выстраивать линию коммуникативного взаимодействия с описанным типом личности в ходе производства следственных действий. The article is devoted to the consideration of the phenomenon of death anxiety in the psychology of the so-called transcendental murderers («necrophilic personality type»). At the moment, there is no consensus regarding the factors that reliably determine the criminal fate of a person; the issue is still the subject of scientific discussions. In psychological and criminological typologies, the considered category of murderers is not represented, despite the fact that many domestic and foreign researchers described this type of personality, widely used the term «ocial necrophile» and the like. The article reveals the psychological basis of criminal behavior. The role of anxiety in the mechanism of the formation of unconscious violent attitudes is described. The psychological meaning of the murders committed by social necrophiles is explained. The author focuses on the paradoxicality, specificity of the relationship of murderers with transcendental drives to death: fear of it and the simultaneous striving for it on the basis of emotional affinity (a special form of personal meanings) for the realization of both conscious and unconscious goals. Emphasizes the fundamental importance of self-knowledge in the life of each individual, forming the meaning of life, giving a feeling of fullness and joy. Asks the question about the role of the prenatal period of fetal development in the mechanism of "psychological birth" at the time of birth. In the presented analytical material, mainly thanks to the works of Yu. M. Antonyan and the discoveries of the psychoanalytic direction in science, the definition of the investigated category of murderers is specified and proposed. In a discussion style, a review of various theories, hypotheses, scientific views, exploring the origins and significance of the fear of death in the mechanism of the criminal behavior of murderers with transcendental drives, is carried out. The author's conclusions on the issue investigated in the article are given. The article will help law enforcement officials to better understand the psychological mechanisms and causes of criminal behavior, use the knowledge gained in solving crimes, and more effectively build a line of communicative interaction with the described personality type during the production of investigative actions.

scholarly journals A systematic review as type of review-analytical products

Bibliosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 33-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. L. Lavrik ◽  
T. A. Kalyuzhnaya ◽  
M. A. Pleshakova
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Short History ◽  
Social Decision ◽  
Original Definition ◽  
Special Scientific ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right

In the article the information on a systematic review as a form of analytical production is collected, analyzed and systematized. Characteristics of its main specific features and common ones with that of an analytical review are given, its short history is described. There is an original definition of a systematic review as an analytical product, with a volume of a large scientific article prepared on the basis of the results of a special scientific study, carried out according to special methods and designed to make the right clinical or social decision. The method of its preparing consisting of seven stages is described in detail, and the role of the library staff in each of them is defined. All presented data prove that a library employee can not only act as an organizer, but also as a member of a research group for preparing up-todate systematic reviews.

The Concept and Definition of Dominance in Animal Behaviour

Behaviour ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 125 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 283-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Drews
Keyword(s):  
Individual Recognition ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Absolute Property ◽  
Original Definition ◽  
The Status ◽  
Observable Behaviour ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Structural Definition

AbstractThe concept of dominance has contributed greatly to our understanding of social structure in animals. Over the past three decades, however, a variety of concepts and definitions of dominance have been introduced, leading to an ongoing debate about the usefulness and meaning of the concept. Criticisms aimed at one definition of dominance do not necessarilly apply to other definitions. Existing definitions can be structural or functional, refer to roles or to agonistic behaviour, regard dominance as a property of individuals or as an attribute of dyadic encounters, concentrate on aggression or on the lack of it, and be based either on theoretical constructs or on observable behaviour. Thirteen definitions of dominance are reviewed, and their usefulness assessed with respect to their descriptive value. The predictive and explanatory values of definitions are specific to the questions asked in each particular study and are not considered as criteria to judge the usefulness of the dominance concept. By virtue of its high descriptive value, the original definition of dominance by SCHJELDERUPP-EBBE (1922, Z.Psychol. 88: 226-252) emerged as the basis to formulate a structural definition with wide applicability and which reflects the essence of the concept: Dominance is an attribute of the pattern of repeated, agonistic interactions between two individuals, characterized by a consistent outcome in favour of the same dyad member and a default yielding response of its opponent rather than escalation. The status of the consistent winner is dominant and that of the loser subordinate. Dominance status refers to dyads while dominance rank, high or low, refers to the position in a hierarchy and, thus, depends on group composition. Dominance is a relative measure and not an absolute property of individuals. The discussion includes reference to the heritability of dominance, application of dominance to groups rather than individuals, and the role of individual recognition and memory during agonistic encounters.

Challenges of Fear Conditioning Research in the Age of RDoC

2017 ◽  
Vol 225 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina B. Lonsdorf ◽  
Jan Richter
Keyword(s):  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Research Domain Criteria ◽  
Major Focus ◽  
The Future ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
Research Domain

Abstract. As the criticism of the definition of the phenotype (i.e., clinical diagnosis) represents the major focus of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative, it is somewhat surprising that discussions have not yet focused more on specific conceptual and procedural considerations of the suggested RDoC constructs, sub-constructs, and associated paradigms. We argue that we need more precise thinking as well as a conceptual and methodological discussion of RDoC domains and constructs, their interrelationships as well as their experimental operationalization and nomenclature. The present work is intended to start such a debate using fear conditioning as an example. Thereby, we aim to provide thought-provoking impulses on the role of fear conditioning in the age of RDoC as well as conceptual and methodological considerations and suggestions to guide RDoC-based fear conditioning research in the future.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document