DEATH ANXIETY IN THE KILLER PERSONALITY STRUCTURE WITH TRANSCENDENT PURPOSE

Статья посвящена рассмотрению феномена страха смерти в психологии так называемых трансцендентных убийц («некрофильского типа личности»). На сегодняшний момент не существует единого мнения относительно факторов надежно детерминирующих преступную участь человека, вопрос по-прежнему составляет предмет научных дискуссий. В психолого-криминологических типологиях не представлена рассматриваемая категория убийц, несмотря на то что многие отечественные и зарубежные исследователи описывали подобный тип личности, широко использовали термин «социальный некрофил» и ему подобные. В статье раскрывается психологическая основа преступного поведения. Описывается роль тревоги в механизме формирования бессознательных насильственных установок. Объясняется психологический смысл убийств, совершаемых социальными некрофилами. Автор акцентирует внимание на парадоксальности, специфичности отношения убийц с трансцендентными влечениями к смерти: страх перед ней и одновременное стремление к ней на основе душевного сродства (особой формы личностных смыслов) для реализации как осознаваемых, так и бессознательных целей. Подчеркивает принципиальную важность самопознания в жизни каждого индивида, образующего смысл жизни, дающего ощущение полноты и радости. Задается вопросом о роли внутриутробного периода развития плода в механизме «психологического рождения» в момент появления на свет. В представленном аналитическом материале, преимущественно благодаря трудам Ю. М. Антоняна и открытиям психоаналитического направления в науке, уточняется и предлагается определение исследуемой категории убийц. В дискуссионном стиле проводится обзор различных теорий, гипотез, научных воззрений, исследующих истоки и значение страха смерти в механизме преступного поведения убийц с трансцендентными влечениями. Приводятся авторские умозаключения по исследуемому в статье вопросу. Статья поможет представителям правоохранительных органов глубже понимать психологические механизмы и причины преступного поведения, использовать полученные знания при раскрытии преступлений, эффективнее выстраивать линию коммуникативного взаимодействия с описанным типом личности в ходе производства следственных действий. The article is devoted to the consideration of the phenomenon of death anxiety in the psychology of the so-called transcendental murderers («necrophilic personality type»). At the moment, there is no consensus regarding the factors that reliably determine the criminal fate of a person; the issue is still the subject of scientific discussions. In psychological and criminological typologies, the considered category of murderers is not represented, despite the fact that many domestic and foreign researchers described this type of personality, widely used the term «ocial necrophile» and the like. The article reveals the psychological basis of criminal behavior. The role of anxiety in the mechanism of the formation of unconscious violent attitudes is described. The psychological meaning of the murders committed by social necrophiles is explained. The author focuses on the paradoxicality, specificity of the relationship of murderers with transcendental drives to death: fear of it and the simultaneous striving for it on the basis of emotional affinity (a special form of personal meanings) for the realization of both conscious and unconscious goals. Emphasizes the fundamental importance of self-knowledge in the life of each individual, forming the meaning of life, giving a feeling of fullness and joy. Asks the question about the role of the prenatal period of fetal development in the mechanism of "psychological birth" at the time of birth. In the presented analytical material, mainly thanks to the works of Yu. M. Antonyan and the discoveries of the psychoanalytic direction in science, the definition of the investigated category of murderers is specified and proposed. In a discussion style, a review of various theories, hypotheses, scientific views, exploring the origins and significance of the fear of death in the mechanism of the criminal behavior of murderers with transcendental drives, is carried out. The author's conclusions on the issue investigated in the article are given. The article will help law enforcement officials to better understand the psychological mechanisms and causes of criminal behavior, use the knowledge gained in solving crimes, and more effectively build a line of communicative interaction with the described personality type during the production of investigative actions.

What Are Personal Meanings of Healthy Eating and Physical Activity in Individuals Living With Spinal Cord Injury? A Qualitative Exploration

Objectives: To explore the personal meanings of healthy eating and physical activity among individuals living with spinal cord injury (SCI) and the information and resources they find beneficial. Methods: We conducted in-depth semistructured individual interviews to understand the personal meanings of healthy eating and physical activity among individuals with SCI. We completed a thematic analysis of qualitative data. Results: Participants were 11 Veterans and 14 civilians, predominantly male, non-Hispanic White, and with paraplegia. Data were described across two categories, including the personal meaning of healthy eating and the personal meaning of physical activity/exercise. Individuals with SCI described their meaning of healthy eating around four themes: types of food, amounts/portions of food, conscious/mindful eating, and eating to enhance health. Individuals wanted information on tailored diets for individuals with paraplegia and tetraplegia and healthy foods that are easy to prepare by people with SCI. Their personal meaning of physical activity/exercise focused on four themes: types of physical activity and exercise, staying active, moving/movement, and differences from non-SCI. Desired information around physical activity included cardiovascular workouts that are effective and possible to do in a wheelchair so that people with SCI can burn enough of the calories they consume to lose or maintain weight. Conclusion: Results provide a better understanding of what healthy eating and physical activity mean to people with SCI and information they desire toward these goals, which can be used to guide patient–provider discussions, develop health promotion programs, and tailor interventions to capitalize on meaningful concepts and beliefs that facilitate healthy behaviors.

Professional Subjective Activity of the Student of Pedagogical University

Currently, researchers in the field of education and upbringing are discovering connections and dependencies that were not previously identified: upbringing and subjectivity, upbringing and personal meanings, upbringing and value choice. The article actualizes the problem of professional subjective activity of a teacher and its impact on the effectiveness of educational activities. The teaching practice existing in pedagogical universities needs to be enriched by the experience of social and scientific activities of students - future teachers. Professional subjective activity of students will create conditions for effective educational activity. The purpose of the article is to analyze the concept of “professional subjective activity” in the context of its significance for the educational activity of a future teacher. Methodology. The study was conducted using a descriptive method by collecting, analyzing and summarizing scientific literature data on the problem under study in order to determine its relevance. The content analysis of scientific articles on the problem of professional subjective activity as conditions for effective educational activity of the future teacher was applied. The concepts of “activity”, “subjectivity”, “professional subjectivity” are considered. In conclusion, it is concluded that the effectiveness of the educator’s educational activity is due to the presence of his professional subjective activity. A generalized definition of the concept of “professional subjective activity” is given.

Investigating Human Scale Spatial Experience

Spatial experience, or how humans experience a given space, has been a pivotal topic especially in urban-scale environments. On the human scale, HCI researchers have mostly investigated personal meanings or aesthetic and embodied experiences. In this paper, we investigate the human scale as an ensemble of individual spatial features. Through large-scale online questionnaires we first collected a rich set of spatial features that people generally use to characterize their surroundings. Second, we conducted a set of field interviews to develop a more nuanced understanding of the feature identified as most important: perceived safety. Our combined quantitative and qualitative analysis contributes to spatial understanding as a form of context information and presents a timely investigation into the perceived safety of human scale spaces. By connecting our results to the broader scientific literature, we contribute to the field of HCI spatial understanding.

Dialectic of Honor and Reputation. On Limits of Reputation Management Efficiency

The article justifies the provision that reputational management passes by problems related to the personal meanings of a subject conducting a specific professional activity. It is shown that the category of honor is of particular importance for the expression of this issue. Professional honor in decision-making involves bringing to the fore not the desire to preserve a reputation, but the attitude to preserve personal dignity, accompanied by the willingness to take responsibility for decisions made in critical situations. This willingness is rooted in the fundamental worldviews of the personality that shape its orientation. It is noted that professional honor is a much stronger motivating factor than the desire to maintain a reputation, it determines the attitude to the profession, the desire and willingness to improve in it.

Systematic Approach for Efficient Use of Research Methods in Educational Theory

The purpose of this study was to change the broad picture of research methods in the educational theory, which is essential for development of modern pedagogy. The systematic approach to education developed by the scientific school of L.I. Novikova, member of the Russian Academy of Education, was analyzed. The authors explored the differentiated indicators such as integrity, orderliness and evolvability, that shape the research of all social pedagogical systems. This article emphasizes that in the modern-day world it is important to integrate different research methods (theoretical and empirical, quantitative and qualitative) and combinations of research methods in pedagogical and related sciences in order to make the best use of their complementarity, with regard to the special nature of the subject. Emphasis should be given to qualitative research methods guided by the intention to understand the personal meanings lying behind a child’s actions. The two most useful qualitative methods are the method of participatory observation and the method of real-life situations. The article discusses various methods of research of soft systems in the educational theory aimed at the identification, proper study and multifaceted analysis of the problems that occur. It also emphasizes the importance of a systematic approach in the theory of collective education where the backbone of the system is the children’s community and the unity of children and adults.

Philosophical Practice as a Way to Address the Students’ Existential Problems during the Pandemic

This article is devoted to the study of the academic and existential problems of students during the pandemic. The authors conducted sociological surveys among first- and second-year students of a higher educational institution, where they analyze students’ attitudes towards distance learning and identify the most pressing existential problems of students. The authors concluded that during the quarantine period, learning has lost its semantic basis. The reason for this is the inability of the education system to respond to the challenges of the new educational format, as it develops in accordance with the modern technology, as modern pedagogy develops, as a rational system of objective knowledge, and as it does not take into account the internal, value-based meanings of education itself. The authors see a solution to this problem in shifting the emphasis from transferring knowledge to helping students find personal meanings that coincide with the objectives of philosophical practice. The authors give examples of how the techniques of philosophical practice could unlock students’ potential in understanding and solving existential problems.

Doing gender and being gendered through occupation: Transgender and non-binary experiences

Background Transgender people can face discrimination which can be reflected in and encoded by their occupational experiences. There is emerging research regarding those who are transgender but experiences of non-binary people remain under-explored. Purpose This study considered the occupational experiences of transgender and non-binary people and how gender expression related to engagement in occupations and space. Method Five transgender and non-binary people participated in repeat interviews, including a ‘walking interview’. Analysis was informed by new materialism. Findings Occupational engagement can re-enforce binary understandings of gender or facilitate creative expressions of gender identity. Within normative environments, occupational participation can offer assimilation, particularly for non-binary people. Some occupations provided emancipation from binary gender norms through expression such as clothing and creative activities which provided recognition and belonging. Symbolic and personal meanings of occupations shifted when participants were able to express themselves in a way that felt authentic. Conclusion ‘Occupational assimilation’ can bring safety from scrutiny for those who are transgender and non-binary but curtails authentic expression. Occupational therapists have a role in supporting transgender and non-binary people in accessing occupations which facilitate their authentic gender expression and need to improve critical awareness of the culturally encoded binary nature of many occupations and environments.

Constructing meanings of luxury in Airbnb

Purpose Following Airbnb’s recent turn to the luxury market, this paper aims to explore how Airbnb hosts construct meanings of luxury as enacted in their hosting practices. Design/methodology/approach Semi-structured interviews with 46 Airbnb hosts were undertaken using purposing sampling. Findings Study findings reveal that social and personal meanings of luxury manifest in host practice, with “home feeling” representing the epicentre of the luxury peer-to-peer (P2P) accommodation experience. Research limitations/implications Although this study draws from host views, it represents a first attempt to empirically examine perceptions and applications of luxury within P2P accommodation. The study provides a conceptual framework which may serve as a point of departure for further research into which luxury service dimensions guests value. Practical implications The findings of the study carry implications to the wider hospitality context. Specifically, hospitality practitioners need to reconceptualize luxury hospitality provision to promote a “homotel” accommodation model which highlights the offering of physical and social luxury dimensions in addition to elements of personalized service and home-like hedonic benefits. Originality/value The study offers a conceptual framework of the luxury P2P accommodation servicescape, which identifies two distinct luxury offerings that may be informative to both P2P accommodation providers and hospitality practitioners.