scholarly journals The position of mayor within local authority relations in Hungary and Poland in a comparative perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 71-88
Author(s):  
Lucyna Rajca
Keyword(s):  
Local Authority ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Local Leadership ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The Status ◽  
Relations Of Power ◽  
Executive Body

The study aims to compare the position of Hungarian and Polish mayors in horizontal relations of power, considering the changes taking place in this area over the last few years. The article presents the institutional and legal conditions of local leadership in Hungary and Poland, as well as the role of councils with regard to the executive body. It also describes the systems of election to legislative bodies, which is one of the factors influencing the status of councils and relations within a local authority. The results of the analyses show that there are differences in the positions of Hungarian and Polish mayors and that the relations within local authorities in both countries have been affected by convergent and divergent trends. The study uses the comparative method and an institutional-legal approach, as well as the historical method.

Bad Land and Bad Law: The Role of Local Authorities in the Formulation of New Legislation and Guidance for Contaminated Land in the United Kingdom

1997 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Walton
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Local Authority ◽  
Local Economic Development ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Property Development ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Contaminated Land ◽  
The United Kingdom

The 1990 Environmental Protection Act introduced the requirement for local authorities in the United Kingdom to establish and prepare registers of land that had previously been subjected to a potentially contaminative use. This was met with opposition from a range of interests who articulated concerns about potential blight and the effects upon property development. Amongst these interests were those of local authorities of which the larger ones, it is contended, would have good reason to oppose the introduction of registers because of the fear of their consequential impact on local economic development. In this paper the author appraises the local authority responses to the government's proposals for registers of potentially contaminated land and, following the government's decision to abandon the registers, their views of what policy and legal measures ought to be adopted in their place. The author then considers the extent to which these views have been reflected in the 1995 Environment Act which sought, inter alia, to provide a comprehensive legal and policy framework for the resolution of the location and apportionment of contaminated land liabilities.

Atlantic

2020 ◽  
pp. 160-173
Author(s):  
Friederike Lüpke
Keyword(s):  
Complex Systems ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Genetic Group ◽  
Language Family ◽  
The Status ◽  
Noun Class ◽  
Lexical Data

Atlantic is one of the controversial branches of the Niger-Congo language family. Both its validity as a genetic group and its internal classification are far from being settled. The longstanding debate on the status and structure of Atlantic cannot be closed before the descriptive situation of these languages allows for sufficient and reliable lexical data; before attempts at applying the comparative method have been made; and before the extensive role of language contact for shaping the languages in question is taken into account. Although no typological feature or feature combinations characterizes the group as a whole, several features are considered typical for Atlantic languages, including noun class systems, consonant mutation, and complex systems of verbal derivation, which have been used to justify suggested genealogical groupings. Atlantic languages, with the exception of Fula, are attested in an area from Liberia to Senegal, stretching from the Atlantic coast to the hinterland.

scholarly journals Architecture typology of a British-era colonial schools at the World Heritage Sites of Georgetown and Melaka: Impact on heritage building conservation sector

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 01004
Author(s):  
Muhammad Adam Che Yusof ◽  
A Ghafar Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Architectural Style ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
World Heritage Sites ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
The Status ◽  
Heritage Building ◽  
Building Conservation

Colonial schools are among the most valuable and precious treasures from the British administration era. The architectural characteristics of the schools contain a wealth of meaning and philosophy in each of the building details that is not found in modern schools nowadays. However, in this era of rapid development, the status of colonial schools is unclear in terms of their heritage status and significance towards society or even the authorities. Moreover, some colonial schools that are now overshadowed by new buildings that were built inside of the school compound and its surrounding. Besides, the local authorities themselves are lacking on the documentation of colonial schools in terms of their value, and the principles behind the architectural style of the colonial schools that could prove beneficial to many parties later as a reference. This article will outline the method to handle this issue besides suggesting a relationship between the value of the colonial architecture and its history at both heritage sites of Georgetown and Melaka. Besides that, we will also classify different colonial schools according to their architectural style. To ensure the objectives are achieved, qualitative methods will be applied including several approaches such as descriptive method, historical method and content analysis method. Hence, this research can serve as a reference point and documentation, especially for conservation purposes of colonial schools. In addition, the local authorities can also improve their Conservation Management Plan (CMP) by adding a colonial schools sector for conservation work and later guidelines. This research will hopefully also encourage the younger generation on the importance of skills and knowledge in the heritage building conservation sector.

scholarly journals Greek mercenaries in Sais Egypt

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-19
Author(s):  
Vladimir Il'ich Shubin
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Social Origin ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Greek Colonization ◽  
Greek World

This article is dedicated to examination of the history of emergence of Greek mercenaries during the riling time of XXVI Sais Dynasty. The author reviews the status and role of Greek mercenaries in the armed forced of Sais rulers, organization of their service and living conditions. Considering the fact that the use of Greek mercenaries in Egypt army was a part of the traditional policy of Sais rulers and carried mass character, the author refers to the problem  of social origin of the phenomenon of mercenarism in the Greek society of Archaic era. The research applies comparative-historical method that allows viewing the phenomenon of mercenarism in the historical context – based on the comparative data analysis of ancient written tradition. By the time of Sais Dynasty, control over regions that traditionally provided mercenaries to the Egypt army was lost. Under the circumstances, in order to compensate such losses, Egypt conscripted into military service the hailed from the Greek world. Mercenaries became the first Greeks settled on the Egyptian land. The conclusion is made that the Greek colonization, in absence of other ways to enter the formerly closed to the Greeks Egypt, at its initial stage manifested in such distinct form.

scholarly journals Strategic stability and the possibilities of China's involvement in the strategic arms control negotiations

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 678-708
Author(s):  
Marina Kostic
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Arms Control ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Defense Strategies ◽  
Strategic Stability ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Cold War

Th? paper focuses on the research of general possibilities and limitations of the multilateralization of the strategic arms control negotiations and particularly the inclusion of China in these negotiations because, during 2019 and 2020, the US conditioned the extension of the New START Treaty with China?s involvement in the trilateral strategic arms control negotiations. By doing so, the US recognised China as an important factor influencing the maintenance of strategic stability and possibilities for further reduction of strategic arms. The main hypothesis is the claim that the limitations still overcome the possibilities regarding the multilateralization of the strategic arms control negotiation, and that the prospects of involving China in this kind of negotiation remain minimal. This hypothesis was tested through theoretical deliberation based on the notion of strategic stability, and its transformation during the Cold War until today, as well as on four indicators or preconditions of China?s involvement in the strategic arms control, which are: 1) quantitative reduction of the number of nuclear arms of the US and Russia to China?s level; 2) decrease of the role of nuclear weapons in the national security and defense strategies of the great powers; 3) decrease of the role of nuclear weapons as the status symbol of the great power or superpower and 4) conclusion of the multilateral international agreement (not trilateral) on limitations on the use of nuclear weapons. The author uses the methods of content and discourse analysis, as well as the comparative method. The author concludes that the absence of the intention of the US and Russia to further reduce their strategic arms and decrease the role of nuclear weapons in their security and defense strategies, as well as the absence of consent on which parties or actors should be included in the arms control talks and China?s general suspicion about the effectiveness of the arms control agreements, influence China not to take part on any strategic arms control talks at this moment.

The Role of Local Political Elites in East Central Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxana Marin
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
East Central Europe ◽  
East Central ◽  
Local Leadership ◽  
Developing Region ◽  
Transitional Democracies

How does the elite continue to affect the evolution of local communities in the developing region of former Sovietized Europe? This book is concerned with the issue of local leadership in the countries of East-Central Europe. It is an attempt to examine, with a comparative method, the profile and the role of the local political elites (members of the Municipal Councils) in six towns in six transitional democracies of the region.

PRAVNI OKVIRI EKONOMSKOG KORIŠĆENjA KASPIJSKOG MORA

2021 ◽  
pp. 83-98
Author(s):  
Milan Palević ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Method ◽  
Legal Aspect ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
International Agreements ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Economic Exploitation ◽  
The Status

The main goal of this research is to present the legal framework that determines the manner and scope of exploitation of natural resources in the Caspian region. This goal was achieved by analyzing the relevant international agreements applied in this geographical area, using the historical method. Then, the relevant international agreements and customs that are applied to the status issues of the sea and lakes, which are important for defining the legal regime of reference for regulating the use of these waters and their resources, are analyzed. In this part of the analysis, a comparative method was mostly used, which compared the provisions contained in universal international treaties with the provisions contained in regional international treaties. The main results of the research, in the part related to the status determination of the Caspian water basin, is that none of the known concepts for determining the status can be fully applied to it, that it contains elements of the closed sea, and elements of the border lake and elements condominium, and that all this together potentially represents elements of a new unique concept. In the part of the paper that refers to the legal framework of exploitation of the observed area, the main conclusion is that the most reference norms for its determination are contained in regional instruments that regulate the issue of environmental protection because they direct the manner and scope of economic exploitation. The limitations of this research are first of all that of several aspects of the status determination of the observed area, it is limited only to the legal aspect, and that it is limited to the analysis of the impact of environmental norms on the subject of research.

29. Children in Local Authority Care

2019 ◽  
pp. 317-333
Author(s):  
Jane Sendall ◽  
Roiya Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Local Authority ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Threshold Criteria ◽  
Children In Care

This chapter examines the role of local authorities in protecting the child from harm and the orders available under the Children Act 1989, which are used in cases of alleged harm to children. It explains the nature of public child law proceedings and goes into detail to discuss the definition of the ‘threshold criteria’—the standard that the court uses to decide whether an order should be made. It also discusses the investigations which can be carried out by the local authority in relation to a child and parental contact with children in care, and compares a care order and a supervision order.

scholarly journals The Shifting Status of Cities in International Law? A Review, Several Questions and a Straight Answer

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-36
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Nesi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
International Law ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Multilateral Negotiations ◽  
The Status ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
Transnational City

Witnessing the sometimes confusing and often nebulous debate on the position of cities in international law, one could wonder what cities are and what they do in contemporary international law. One could also wonder whether allowing cities to actively participate in the formation and implementation of international norms, and to contribute to international multilateral negotiations on issues of global concern such as sustainable development, climate change or human rights, does really imply a change in their status in international law. In this contribution, the reasons why cities are not subjects of international law, or better, why cities and local authorities still matter in international law because they are part of a State, are systematically assessed. Specific attention is paid to the status and role of transnational city networks. Before concluding, this article makes some final comments on the prospects for cities and transnational city networks in international law.

scholarly journals THE PENITENTIARY FUNCTION OF MONASTERIES IN THE YENISEI PROVINCE IN THE SECOND HALF OF XIX – EARLY XX CENTURIES

2018 ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
I. G. Fedorov ◽  
A. A. Terskova
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Prison Population ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
The Status ◽  
National Trends

The research features the prison practice in the monasteries of the Yenisei diocese in the second half of XIX – early XX centuries. The research objective was to study the composition of the prison population in the Orthodox monasteries of the Yenisei diocese and the legal rules governing the status of the epitimizes in the mansions of the region. The work uses the comparative historical method and critical analysis of historical sources, which made it possible to specify the number of those under penance (epitimia) in the monasteries of the diocese, the conditions of their detention, and to highlight the main features of the prison work of the monasteries. The analysis revealed that the penal role of the monasteries had decreased by the beginning of XX century. Eventually, the monasteries of the Yenisei diocese were relieved of this function, which corresponded with the national trends.

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