Effect of executive functioning, decision-making and self-reported impulsivity on the treatment outcome of pathologic gambling

Abstract Motor decision-making processes are required for many standard neuropsychological tasks, including the Trail Making Test (TMT), that aim to assess cognitive functioning in older adults. However, in their standard formats, it is difficult to isolate the relative contributions of sensorimotor and cognitive processes to performance on these neuropsychological tasks. Recently developed clinical tasks use a robotic manipulandum to assess both motor and cognitive aspects of rapid motor decision making in an object hit (OH) and object hit and avoid (OHA) task. We administered the OH and OHA tasks to 77 healthy younger adults and 59 healthy older adults to assess age differences in the motor and cognitive measures of performance. We administered the TMT parts A and B to assess the extent to which OHA performance is associated with executive functioning in particular. The results indicate that after controlling for hand speed, older adults performed worse on the OH and OHA tasks than younger adults, performance declines were far greater in the OHA task, and the global performance measures, which have been associated with cognitive status, were more sensitive to age differences than motor measures of performance. Those global measures of performance were also associated with measures of executive functioning on the TMT task. These findings provide evidence that rapid motor decision making tasks are sensitive to declines in executive control in aging. They also provide a way to isolate cognitive declines from declines in sensorimotor processes that are likely a contributing factor to age differences in neuropsychological test performance.

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Decision-making in people with mild intellectual disability: Relations with intelligence and a measure of executive functioning

Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability ◽

10.3109/13668250.2021.1945416 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Agnieszka Fusinska-Korpik ◽

Michal Gacek

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Intellectual Disability ◽

Executive Functioning ◽

Mild Intellectual Disability

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Mobile Technology Use and Its Association With Executive Functioning in Healthy Young Adults: A Systematic Review

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.643542 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Rachel E. Warsaw ◽

Andrew Jones ◽

Abigail K. Rose ◽

Alice Newton-Fenner ◽

Sophie Alshukri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Decision Making ◽

Executive Functioning ◽

Mobile Technology ◽

Systematic Reviews ◽

Technology Use ◽

Memory Performance ◽

Mobile Technologies ◽

Smartphone Use ◽

The Impact

Introduction: Screen-based and mobile technology has grown at an unprecedented rate. However, little is understood about whether increased screen-use affects executive functioning (EF), the range of mental processes that aid goal attainment and facilitate the selection of appropriate behaviors. To examine this, a systematic review was conducted.Method: This systematic review is reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using Web of Science, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Scopus databases to identify articles published between 2007 and March 2020, examining the use of mobile technologies on aspects of EF in healthy adults aged 18–35 years. In total 6079 articles were screened by title, and 39 screened by full text. Eight eligible papers were identified for inclusion. Our methods were pre-registered on the PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews.Results: A total of 438 participants were included across the eight studies. Five of the eight studies examined more than one EF. Five studies measured inhibition, and four studies measured decision-making. Smartphone use was negatively associated with inhibition and decision-making. Working memory performance was found to be improved by increased time engaging in video games and by refraining from smartphone use prior to bedtime. Quality assessments indicated high risk of methodological biases across the studies and a low quality of evidence for determining the relationship between technology use and executive functioning.Conclusions: This review highlights the scarcity of the literature in this area. It presents a call for rigorous and objective research to further our understanding of the impact of mobile technology on different aspects of executive function.

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Prefrontal Cortical Activation, but Not Behavioral Performance of Impulsivity and Risky Decision-Making Tasks, was Associated with Treatment Outcome in Residential Patients with Alcohol or Prescription Opioid Use Disorder.

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience ◽

10.3389/conf.fnhum.2018.227.00126 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Sarah Tilden ◽

Jonathan Harris ◽

Andrew Huhn ◽

Erin Deneke ◽

Jessica Parascando ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Treatment Outcome ◽

Opioid Use Disorder ◽

Cortical Activation ◽

Prescription Opioid ◽

Behavioral Performance ◽

Opioid Use ◽

Risky Decision ◽

Prefrontal Cortical ◽

Prescription Opioid Use

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Executive and personality functioning and the ability to maintain prolonged abstinence in alcohol dependence

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71717-5 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 26 (S2) ◽

pp. 6-6

Author(s):

B. Andó ◽

A. Szkaliczki ◽

S. Rózsa ◽

E. Kurgyis ◽

G. Drótos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Executive Functioning ◽

Alcohol Dependence ◽

Personality Factors ◽

Novelty Seeking ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Personality Functioning ◽

Behavior Preference ◽

Prolonged Abstinence

IntroductionRecent studies have revealed that neurocognitive and personality domains are important contributors of prolonged abstinence in alcohol dependence.Objectives/aimsTo reveal further factors related to the ability of maintaining prolonged abstinence in alcohol dependence. Therefore executive and personality functioning were compared of patients with short (STA) and long-term abstinence (LTA).MethodsSTA patients (N = 44) were involved from an inpatient center, LTA patients (N = 46; min. 3 years of abstinence) were involved from AA Groups. Decision-making, inhibition and planning as components of executive functioning, coping strategy, temperament and character factors as indicators of personality functioning were evaluated. MANCOVA and Mann-Whitney U statistical analyses were applied to compare the two groups.ResultsNo significant differences were found between the STA and LTA patients along decision-making (F = 0.008, p = 0.992), planning (Mann-Whitney U = 794.5, p = 0.065) and inhibition (Mann-Whitney U = 921.5, p = 0.442). Lower levels of novelty seeking and harm avoidance and higher levels of self-directedness and cooperativeness were found in the LTA group (F = 3.32, p = 0.001) along with lower level of emotion oriented coping (F = 3.32, p = 0.001).ConclusionsDecision-making, inhibition and planning components of executive functioning are independent from the length of abstinence in alcohol dependence. The similar decision-making pattern of the two groups reflect the core feature of addictive behavior; preference toward immediate higher reward and lower punishment despite the long term negative consequences. It is hypothesized that the higher levels of adaptive personality factors in the LTA group decrease the risk of relapse, and contribute to the ability of maintaining prolonged abstinence.

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Impairment of Decision-making Cognition in a Case of Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD) Presenting With Pathologic Gambling and Hoarding as the Initial Symptoms

Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology ◽

10.1097/wnn.0b013e31804c6ff7 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 121-125 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Shutaro Nakaaki ◽

Yoshie Murata ◽

Junko Sato ◽

Yoshihiro Shinagawa ◽

Jin Hongo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration ◽

Initial Symptoms ◽

Pathologic Gambling

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HOW LONG CAN YOU ENJOY BLACKJACK WITH 100 CHIPS?

International Journal of Modern Physics C ◽

10.1142/s0129183111016804 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 22 (10) ◽

pp. 1161-1171

Author(s):

TAO YANG ◽

QIANQIAN LI ◽

XINGANG XIA ◽

ERBO ZHAO ◽

GUO LIU ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Random Walk ◽

Power Law ◽

Risk Taking ◽

Real World ◽

Power Law Distribution ◽

Related Research ◽

Fat Tail ◽

Playing Time ◽

Pathologic Gambling

Gambling-related research has implications in financial area understandings and applications. Researches in this area usually focus on pathology, risk-taking, decision-making and addiction. Few works have been done to demonstrate the distribution of the playing time before players go bankrupt. One problem is that it is difficult to get statistics in real world gambling. In this paper, we do simulations in a Blackjack game with a selected strategy. We find the distribution of playing time before players lose a certain amount of money as a power law distribution, indicating the existence of very long playing time players. We also find that double is the most important factor that causes the fat tail. Comparison shows that when removing double, split and three to two payoff, Blackjack goes back to a random walk. The increase of the number of decks somewhat decreases the average playing time. Our results may have pathologic gambling intervention implications.

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AI Bias: How Does AI Influence The Executive Function Of Business Leaders?

Muma Business Review ◽

10.28945/4380 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 181-192 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tamie Santiago

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Big Data ◽

Executive Function ◽

Executive Functioning ◽

Complexity Theory ◽

Data Analytics ◽

Big Data Analytics ◽

Business Leaders ◽

Human Control ◽

Collective Judgment

By 2020, the AI market is expected to grow by $47 billion, with the international big data analytics industry expected to grow by $203 billion. The vast majority of AI development is conducted by a modest number of techno-giants (Twitter, IBM, Amazon, Facebook, Google, Microsoft, Apple...). There are over 7 billion people worldwide, yet all of the code is being written by a mere 10,000 people in seven countries. Therefore, the pathway of AI algorithms is deemed compromised, by being in the hands of a few. The purpose of this study is to systematically gather and review evidence which addresses AI, its inherent biases, and its effect on the executive function, which is the brain's command post, of business leaders. The review is carried out through the chaos and complexity theory lens. The amalgamation of data and codes have seeded the evolution of barely discernible algorithms that rewrite their own code, creating their own rules, and their own truth. This phenomenon rapidly detaches AI algorithms from human control. While AI algorithms remain unregulated and uncontested, leaders are overwhelmed with big data and precipitously surrendering, rejecting or suppressing their own cognitive instincts regarding AI and its bias, without question. This study supports the notion that decision-making using AI must be interrogated by leaders' sound elevated executive functioning and collective judgment, using standards and laws, to mitigate bias and to ensure human leaders have the last say in decision-making.

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