A new econometric model to analyse variations and structural changes in international trade: applications to the Norwegian import trade across continents and over time

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yohannes Yebabe Tesfay
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Econometric Model ◽  
Import Trade ◽  
Over Time

International trade: Research of the reasons for the fall

2019 ◽  
pp. 79-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. Nazarov ◽  
S. S. Lazaryan ◽  
I. V. Nikonov ◽  
A. I. Votinov
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Global Value Chains ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Negative Contribution ◽  
Basic Commodity ◽  
The Impact

The article assesses the impact of various factors on the growth rate of international trade. Many experts interpreted the cross-border flows of goods decline against the backdrop of a growing global economy as an alarming sign that indicates a slowdown in the processes of globalization. To determine the reasons for the dynamics of international trade, the decompositions of its growth rate were carried out and allowed to single out the effect of the dollar exchange rate, the commodities prices and global value chains on the change in the volume of trade. As a result, it was discovered that the most part of the dynamics of international trade is due to fluctuations in the exchange rate of the dollar and prices for basic commodity groups. The negative contribution of trade within global value chains in 2014 was also revealed. During the investigated period (2000—2014), such a picture was observed only in the crisis periods, which may indicate the beginning of structural changes in the world trade.

scholarly journals Detailed Quantification of Glomerular Structural Lesions Associates with Clinical Outcomes and Transcriptomic Profiles in Nephrotic Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey B. Hodgin ◽  
Laura H. Mariani ◽  
Jarcy Zee ◽  
Q Liu ◽  
Abigail R. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nephrotic Syndrome ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Molecular Heterogeneity ◽  
Biologically Relevant ◽  
Current Classification ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACTThe current classification system for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and minimal change disease (MCD) does not fully capture the complex structural changes in kidney biopsies, nor the clinical and molecular heterogeneity of these diseases. The Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network (NEPTUNE) Digital Pathology Scoring System (NDPSS) was applied to 221 NEPTUNE FSGS/MCD digital kidney biopsies for glomerular scoring using 37 descriptors. The descriptor-based glomerular profiles were used to cluster patients with similar morphologic characteristics. Glomerular descriptors and patient clusters were assessed for association with time to proteinuria remission and disease progression by using adjusted Cox models, and eGFR measures over time by using linear mixed models. Messenger RNA from glomerular tissue was used to assess differentially expressed genes (DEG) between clusters and identify genes associated with individual descriptors driving cluster membership. Three clusters were identified: X (N=56), Y (N=68), and Z (N=97). Clusters Y and Z had higher probabilities of proteinuria remission (HR [95% CI]= 1.95 [0.99, 3.85] and 3.29 [1.52, 7.13], respectively), lower hazards of disease progression 0.22 [0.08, 0.57] and 0.11 [0.03, 0.45], respectively), and greater loss of eGFR over time compared with X. Cluster X had 1920 DEGs compared to Y+Z, which reflected activation of pathways of immune response and inflammation. Six individual descriptors driving the clusters individually correlated with clinical outcomes and gene expression. The NDPSS allows for characterization of FSGS/MCD patients into clinically and biologically relevant categories and uncovers histologic parameters associated with clinical outcomes and molecular signatures not included in current classification systems.TRANSLATIONAL STATEMENTFSGS and MCD are heterogeneous diseases that manifest with a variety of structural changes often not captured by conventional classification systems. This study shows that a detailed morphologic analysis and quantification of these changes allows for better representation of the structural abnormalities within each patient and for grouping patients with similar morphologic profiles into categories that are clinically and biologically relevant.

scholarly journals Improvement of business processes in modern shipping companies in the field of international sea fright transportation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Zoryana Dvulit ◽  
◽  
Olena Tymoshchuk ◽  
Olha Levchenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Water Transport ◽  
Business Process ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Process Management ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Shipping Company ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Systemic Problems

In a market economy, there are a significant number of shipping companies that compete with each other and fight for maximum profits in a highly competitive environment. Competitive advantages lie in the plane of organization of the fleet, which relate mainly to the management of shipping companies. Operators of shipping companies establish tactical and strategic cooperation with freight forwarders and other participants in the logistics chain for the successful implementation of business processes and subprocesses. The study of the water transport of Ukraine from 2002 to 2020 revealed that in this period there were significant structural changes in freight turnover and traffic, which indicates the presence of serious systemic problems in management. If current trends continue, the national economy may lose such a strategically important sector. The shortcomings in the field of international maritime transport are caused, among other things, by inefficient management of business processes of Ukrainian shipping companies. The business process of a shipping company is a set of interdependent tasks and works aimed at creating a product or service to meet the needs of their customers. The business processes of shipping companies are due to the characteristics of staff and the processes of international trade. Thus, the personnel of shipping companies, concentrated in the operational units, provide a range of services that ensure the movement of goods and passengers with the required level of quality. The complex of such services is described by many business processes and represents the main processes of the shipping company. Improving the business processes of these companies must be viewed through the prism of the field of logistics, the main factors in the development of which are staff and international trade trends. Research and study of international experience in the field of business process management and its implementation in the activities of shipping companies of Ukraine to some extent will improve the declining trends in freight traffic and water transport, which have been observed in recent years.

Structural changes over time in individual‐based networks involving a harvester ant, seeds, and invertebrates

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 753-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego V. Anjos ◽  
Pedro Luna ◽  
Carla C. R. Borges ◽  
Wesley Dáttilo ◽  
Kleber Del‐Claro
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Harvester Ant ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Business and Social Networks in International Trade

2001 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 1177-1203 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E Rauch
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Technology Transfer ◽  
Market Structure ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
Transnational Networks ◽  
Contract Enforcement ◽  
Production Networks ◽  
Over Time

The first two main sections survey the roles of transnational networks in alleviating problems of contract enforcement and providing information about trading opportunities, respectively. The next section covers how domestic networks influence international trade through their impact on domestic market structure. Two overarching questions unify these sections: how do networks affect efficiency, and will networks grow or shrink in importance for international trade over time. The last main sections develop research agendas for two less studied areas: the role of intermediaries who can connect foreign agents to domestic networks and the ability of transnational production networks to facilitate technology transfer.

The Paradox of Managerial Downsizing

2004 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1159-1184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig R. Littler ◽  
Peter Innes
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Organizational Strategy ◽  
National Surveys ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Organizational Hierarchies ◽  
Over Time

Delayering and the flattening of organizational hierarchies was a widespread trend through the 1990s. Peters (1992) in the USA promoted .attening as an organizational strategy and Keuning and Opheij (1994) promoted the prescriptions in Europe. Despite these strategies and apparent structural changes, the number and ratio of managers appears to have grown. This paradox of managerial downsizing has not been adequately probed in the literature. The predominant explanation, that there has been a ‘myth of managerial downsizing’, is associated with Gordon (1996). However, this debate has been shaped by the US experience and data. There is a need to reassess the dynamics of the 1990s in relation to other economies. This article focuses on a semi-peripheral economy, that of Australia. A study of the population of firms over time is necessary in order to resolve the issues. The article utilizes a comprehensive range of data, including several national surveys and a longitudinal database of all larger private-sector firms in Australia during the 1990s. The results indicate that the ‘myth of managerial downsizing’ must be rejected. There were dramatic effects on managers through the course of the 1990s in larger Australian firms. The dynamics of the process are analysed, tracking 4,153 firms across the decade and the paradox explained. The theoretical implications are discussed.

The genesis of international mass migration

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Richards
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Scottish Highlands ◽  
Isle Of Man ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Common ◽  
Over Time

Very large numbers of people began to depart the British Isles for the New Worlds after about 1770. This was a pioneering movement, a rehearsal for modern international migration. This book contends that emigration history is not seamless, that it contains large shifts over time and place, and that the modern scale and velocity of mobility have very particular historical roots. The Isle of Man is an ideal starting point in the quest for the engines and mechanisms of emigration, and a particular version of the widespread surge in British emigration in the 1820s. West Sussex was much closer to the centres of the expansionary economy in the new age. North America was the earliest and the greatest theatre of oceanic emigration in which the methods of mass migration were pioneered. Landlocked Shropshire experienced some of the earliest phases of British industrialisation, notably in the Ironbridge/Coalbrookdale district, deep inland on the River Severn. The turmoil in the agrarian and demographic foundations of life reached across the British archipelago. In West Cork and North Tipperary, there was clear evidence of the great structural changes that shook the foundations of these rural societies. The book also discusses the sequences and effects of migration in Wales, Swaledale, Cornwall, Kent, London, and Scottish Highlands. It also deals with Ireland’s place in the more generic context of the origins of migration from the British Isles. The common historical understanding is that the pre-industrial population of the British Isles had been held back by Malthusian checks.

scholarly journals Structural, Synaptic, and Epigenetic Dynamics of Enduring Memories

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ossama Khalaf ◽  
Johannes Gräff
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Neuronal Population ◽  
Unstable State ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Control Of Gene Expression ◽  
Epigenetic Control ◽  
Memory Persistence ◽  
Over Time

Our memories are the records of the experiences we gain in our everyday life. Over time, they slowly transform from an initially unstable state into a long-lasting form. Many studies have been investigating from different aspects how a memory could persist for sometimes up to decades. In this review, we highlight three of the greatly addressed mechanisms that play a central role for a given memory to endure: the allocation of the memory to a given neuronal population and what brain areas are recruited for its storage; the structural changes that underlie memory persistence; and finally the epigenetic control of gene expression that might regulate and support memory perseverance. Examining such key properties of a memory is essential towards a finer understanding of its capacity to last.

Leadership Turnover and the Durability of International Trade Commitments

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (14) ◽  
pp. 1941-1972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Gray ◽  
Jeffrey Kucik
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
International Agreements ◽  
Preferential Trade Agreements ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
International Agreement ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Leadership Turnover ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Over Time

Under what conditions do states uphold their formal trade commitments? While recent work focuses on the formation and design of trade agreements, we know comparatively little about the durability of agreements over time. We argue that government turnover undermines states’ commitments to liberalization, even if they have already signed an international agreement meant to constrain their behavior. We test this argument using data on realized trade in the presence of around 300 preferential trade agreements (PTAs) since 1970. Even in the presence of an international agreement, ideological turnover is associated with increased political barriers to trade, especially when the shift is toward left-wing leaders. These findings have important implications for our understanding of international cooperation: If new leaders do not adhere to their predecessors’ commitments, international agreements may not have lasting economic consequences.

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