scholarly journals Ceramides in the skin barrier

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Vávrová ◽  
A. Kováčik ◽  
L. Opálka
Keyword(s):  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Lipid Membranes ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Skin Layer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Molecular Organization ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Stratum Corneum Lipid

AbstractThe skin barrier, which is essential for human survival on dry land, is located in the uppermost skin layer, the stratum corneum. The stratum corneum consists of corneocytes surrounded by multilamellar lipid membranes that prevent excessive water loss from the body and entrance of undesired substances from the environment. To ensure this protective function, the composition and organization of the lipid membranes is highly specialized. The major skin barrier lipids are ceramides, fatty acids and cholesterol in an approximately equimolar ratio. With hundreds of molecular species of ceramide, skin barrier lipids are a highly complex mixture that complicate the investigation of its behaviour. In this minireview, the structures of the major skin barrier lipids, formation of the stratum corneum lipid membranes and their molecular organization are described.

scholarly journals SKIN SURFACE CHEMISTRY AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL FOR SKIN DISEASES

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liqaa Samir Esmail
Keyword(s):  
Optical Imaging ◽  
Chronic Wounds ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Sense Organ ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Skin Layer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
The Face

The skin is the biggest sense organ in the body, with a surface area of 1.7m2 in adults. Because standard histological procedures influence skin components, several dermatological research has had little effectiveness in showing skin function. The structure of each skin layer may now be visualised non-invasively thanks to recent advances in non-invasive optical imaging. Individual skin components, on the other hand, remain difficult to identify. Understanding skin's chemical and physical features helps the cosmetics sector create deodorant, lipstick, and moisturizers. In addition, PH regulates the activation of proteases linked to the formation of chronic wounds and impacts skin barrier functions. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive optical imaging innovation that creates high-resolution photos of the face and cross-areas of the skin. While OCT has a lot of potentials, many dermatologists are unfamiliar with it. This article aims to give professional dermatologists a basic grasp of skin OCT concepts and clinical applications.

scholarly journals Effects of sphingomyelin/ceramide ratio on the permeability and microstructure of model stratum corneum lipid membranes

2014 ◽  
Vol 1838 (8) ◽  
pp. 2115-2126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Pullmannová ◽  
Klára Staňková ◽  
Markéta Pospíšilová ◽  
Barbora Školová ◽  
Jarmila Zbytovská ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Lipid Membranes ◽  
Stratum Corneum Lipid

scholarly journals Recent Advances on Topical Application of Ceramides to Restore Barrier Function of Skin

Cosmetics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emine Kahraman ◽  
Melis Kaykın ◽  
Hümeyra Şahin Bektay ◽  
Sevgi Güngör
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Topical Application ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Lipid Membranes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physical Barrier ◽  
Ceramide Content ◽  
Carrier Systems

Human skin is the largest organ of the body and is an effective physical barrier keeping it from environmental conditions. This barrier function of the skin is based on stratum corneum, located in the uppermost skin. Stratum corneum has corneocytes surrounded by multilamellar lipid membranes which are composed of cholesterol, free fatty acids and ceramides (CERs). Alterations in ceramide content of the stratum corneum are associated with numerous skin disorders. In recent years, CERs have been incorporated into conventional and novel carrier systems with the purpose of exogenously applying CERs to help the barrier function of the skin. This review provides an overview of the structure, function and importance of CERs to restore the barrier function of the skin following their topical application.

scholarly journals The Influence of Technological Stress on the Protective Properties of Pig Skin Depending on Age

2021 ◽  
Vol 937 (3) ◽  
pp. 032008
Author(s):  
Natal`ya Garskaya ◽  
Sergey Tresnitskiy ◽  
Irina Garanovich ◽  
Irina Ladysh ◽  
Ale-ksandr Yenin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Protective Properties ◽  
Pig Skin ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Young Boars ◽  
Technological Stress

Abstract The skin performs the most important physiological functions of the body. The protective function is the main among them. This article presents the results of studies of how the technological stress affects the protective properties of pig skin depending on the animals’ age. The parameters of the skin, characterizing the epidermis, the main protective skin barrier, were studied in domestic Poltava Meat Breed pigs of different ages. The skin epidermis in animals of all studied age groups is actively involved in the performance of protective functions. Upon reaching the live weight of 100 kg, the young boars of the breed experience a great technological load, which causes tension in the skin protective systems and, thus, activation of these systems. This results in greater values of the epidermis thickness comparing to adult boars (by 17.22% (p⩽0.05)) due to an increase in its inner (underlying) layers (by 33.05% (p⩽0.001)). The stratum corneum of the young boars’ epidermis is thinner but more dense, with pronounced sudanophilia. With pigs reaching their adulthood, the tension in their protective factors decreases and stabilizes. In adult boars, the stratum corneum is thicker (a significant difference is 6.82 μm or 28.14%), but it is more susceptible to keratinization, is looser and has pronounced fibrillation. These changes probably mark the already developed adaptation to the existing natural and technological conditions.

scholarly journals Reduced Skin Barrier Function Parallels Abnormal Stratum Corneum Lipid Organization in Patients with Lamellar Ichthyosis

1995 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana P.M. Lavrijsen ◽  
Joke A. Bouwstra ◽  
Gert S. Gooris ◽  
Arij Weerheim ◽  
Harry E. Boddé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Skin Barrier Function ◽  
Lamellar Ichthyosis ◽  
Stratum Corneum Lipid ◽  
Lipid Organization

scholarly journals Evidence of Skin Barrier Damage by Cyclic Siloxanes (Silicones)—Using Digital Holographic Microscopy

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 6375
Author(s):  
Krystyna Mojsiewicz-Pieńkowska ◽  
Ewa Stachowska ◽  
Dominika Krenczkowska ◽  
Dagmara Bazar ◽  
Frans Meijer
Keyword(s):  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Skin Layer ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Digital Holographic Microscopy ◽  
Irreversible Damage ◽  
Important Pathway ◽  
Cyclic Siloxanes ◽  
Holographic Microscopy ◽  
The Impact

Cyclic siloxanes (D4, D5, D6) are widely used in skin products. They improve skin sensory properties and alleviate dry skin, but there is still one report (published 2019), which regards their effects on the destruction of the skin barrier, by using fluorescence microscopy and attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). A new skin-imaging technique, digital holographic microscopy (DHM), was used for the first time to investigate the impact of D4, D5, and D6 on the skin barrier. We observed irreversible damage of the stratum corneum due to the interaction with cyclic siloxanes. These substances changed: (a) the first level of the skin barrier through destabilization of the intercellular lipid lamellae and destruction of the corneocyte structure (measured with axial nanometer resolution), (b) the second level by collapse of not only corneocytes but also of a significant part of the clusters, leading to the loss of the stratum corneum integrity and formation of the lacunae, (c) the third level as an effect of the change in the surface geometrical topography of the stratum corneum and disruption of the integrity of this skin layer, measured with lateral micrometer resolution. DHM allowed also to identify an important pathway for substances to penetrate into the skin through canyons surrounding the clusters. Our investigations provide advanced information for understanding the mechanisms by which various substances pass the skin barrier, including uncontrolled diffusion into the skin.

scholarly journals The physics of stratum corneum lipid membranes

2016 ◽  
Vol 374 (2072) ◽  
pp. 20150126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chinmay Das ◽  
Peter D. Olmsted
Keyword(s):  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Lipid Bilayers ◽  
Lipid Membranes ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Lipid Matrix ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Head Groups ◽  
Stratum Corneum Lipid ◽  
Main Barrier ◽  
Lipid Assemblies

The stratum corneum (SC), the outermost layer of skin, comprises rigid corneocytes (keratin-filled dead cells) in a specialized lipid matrix. The continuous lipid matrix provides the main barrier against uncontrolled water loss and invasion of external pathogens. Unlike all other biological lipid membranes (such as intracellular organelles and plasma membranes), molecules in the SC lipid matrix show small hydrophilic groups and large variability in the length of the alkyl tails and in the numbers and positions of groups that are capable of forming hydrogen bonds. Molecular simulations provide a route for systematically probing the effects of each of these differences separately. In this article, we present the results from atomistic molecular dynamics of selected lipid bilayers and multi-layers to probe the effect of these polydispersities. We address the nature of the tail packing in the gel-like phase, the hydrogen bond network among head groups, the bending moduli expected for leaflets comprising SC lipids and the conformation of very long ceramide lipids in multi-bilayer lipid assemblies. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Soft interfacial materials: from fundamentals to formulation’.

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