Attention in Augustine

The article treats the role of attention (intentio or attentio) in Augustine’s analysis of sense perception, the notion of time, and the Trinitarian structure of the human mind. The term intentio covers a broad range of meanings in Augustine’s usage. Its most fundamental meaning is the life-giving presence of the soul in the body, intensified in attention’s being concentrated on a particular thing or experience; Augustine also uses the term attentio in this latter sense. According to his analysis of time, by way of attention (intentio or attentio), the soul fixes the present in which the future passes into the past. Due to the intention of the soul, the form abstracted from an external object is both imprinted into the sense organ and retained in the memory in order to be, by intention again, recalled before the sight of mind. As “the intention of the will” or just “the will”, attention connects intellectual understanding with memory. In Augustine’s eyes, attention has a different quality depending on the object it is oriented to, and a different intensity, ranging from inattentive distraction (distentio) to concentrated effort (intentio).

SKIN SURFACE CHEMISTRY AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL FOR SKIN DISEASES

The skin is the biggest sense organ in the body, with a surface area of 1.7m2 in adults. Because standard histological procedures influence skin components, several dermatological research has had little effectiveness in showing skin function. The structure of each skin layer may now be visualised non-invasively thanks to recent advances in non-invasive optical imaging. Individual skin components, on the other hand, remain difficult to identify. Understanding skin's chemical and physical features helps the cosmetics sector create deodorant, lipstick, and moisturizers. In addition, PH regulates the activation of proteases linked to the formation of chronic wounds and impacts skin barrier functions. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive optical imaging innovation that creates high-resolution photos of the face and cross-areas of the skin. While OCT has a lot of potentials, many dermatologists are unfamiliar with it. This article aims to give professional dermatologists a basic grasp of skin OCT concepts and clinical applications.

Large Relics Scenario-Based Visualization Using Head-Mounted Displays

Most visitors come to visit museums; in reality, few immersive solutions support the senses experience. Virtual reality (VR) technology attaches the virtual information from the real environment. Applying the VR technology in the 3D relic information display and visualization in the museum field is a hot research issue. However, most current solutions of relics are one-sided, only focusing on the virtual exhibition, lack of associations with actual function, and senses experience, especially the large artistic cultural relics. The scenario-based virtual exhibition solution is an available approach to allow visitors to imitate ancient artist and provide relatively experience in the form of content and sense organ of ancient art. It converts large relics into “digital large relics” and enables experiencing performance of ancient civilization in person. The solution presents relics to the visitors in a more direct and vivid manner and with innovative forms, strong interaction, and intelligence, thereby improving the interests and satisfaction among visitors in this type of relic exhibition. Besides, it also provides visitors with a convenient way to experience and learn ritual and culture. Evaluation and conclusion can be drawn that most participants appreciated this solution in clear interface and completion aspects.

Current Issues of Providing the Personnel of the Radiation Hazardous Facilities with Personal Protection Equipment Complying with the Requirements and Working Conditions

Purpose: The article covers issues related to the providing personal protection for the personnel of radiation hazardous facilities. Specific character of working conditions at the enterprises in the field of atomic energy use is caused by extremely high toxic level of radioactive substances and the fact that there is no human sense organ which can identify dangerous levels of radiation exposure. Establishment of mandatory requirements for manufacturing, identification and verification of personal protection equipment (PPE) in the field of atomic energy use is needed because using of low-quality PPE and PPE not complying with working conditions poses a risk for the health of workers. The article provides results of analysis of the regulatory frameworks, both current and under development, which set the requirements for PPE. Results: Since 2017 Rosatom is executing plans for development of series of industry standards specifying requirements for PPE in the field of atomic energy use and methods of their testing. More than 25 interstate and national standards on PPE were included in the Summary list of standardization documents in the field of atomic energy use. PPE was included in the list of products subject to mandatory certification and having requirements for safety assurance in the field of atomic energy use specified. Industry and national standards establishing requirements for PPE protecting from tritium, radioactive noble gases, radioactive iodine, high-toxic alpha-emitting radionuclides, as well as standards on methods of their testing are planned to be developed soon. Conclusion: The system of standardizing requirements for PPE in the field of atomic energy use created by, together with existing system of certification of PPE in the field of atomic energy use will help to increase effectiveness of personal protection of the personnel at radiation and chemical hazardous facilities in nuclear industry.

SIGNIFICANCE OF ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN EVALUATION OF VITREORETINAL PATHOLOGY

INTRODUCTION:Vitreoretinal pathologies include vitreal haemmorhage and vitreal detachment, retinal detachment, retinoblastoma, diabetic retinopathy, leukocoria, trauma over eye. The eye being an external sense organ lends itself to an easy and rapid examination of anterior segment but structure posterior to the papillary plane i.e lens, vitreous cavity and humor, retina, choroid in an opaque media could not be evaluated by just fundus examination. OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH: Demographic prole of patient with vitreoretinal pathologies. Diagnose the patient with vitreoretinal pathologies by ultrasonography. Detect and characterize the vitreoretinal pathologies by ultrasonography, clinical ndings and post management conrmatory ndings to establish the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography in vitreoretinal pathologies. MATERIALAND METHOD: Study design:Institution based prospective, descriptive study Study setting: USG section at Dept. of Radiodiagnosis, Medical College, Kolkata Place of study: Dept. of Radiodiagnosis, Medical College, Kolkata Period of study:January 2018 to august 2019 Study population:Referred patient from regional institute of opthalmology Sample size: 50 patients. RESULT AND ANALYSIS: We showed that 29(48.3%0 patients had vitreous haemorrhage. 19(31.7%) patients had retinal detachment. 10(16.7%) patients had posterior vitreous detachment. 7(11.7%) patients had endophthalmitis. 9(15.0%) patients had retinoblastoma. 1(1.7%) patients had PHPV. 1(1.7%) patients had asteroid hyalosis. 1(1.7%) patients had retinoschisis. 5(8.3%) patients had normal. SUMMARYAND CONCLUSION: From, the present study it was noted that Ultrasonography is very efcient tool in diagnosing various ocular abnormalities. Ultrasonography can categorize the lesions in the posterior chamber well, depending on the echotexture and anatomy. Even the exact location of the lesion and surrounding structures can be well made out. Ultrasonography can detect structural changes that were missed or could not be detected by clinical examination especially with opaque media as well. Ultrasonography is proved to be very useful diagnostic tool in detection and evaluation of vitreo-retinal pathologies in patients with opacities in the vitreous cavity.

AKSHADI TAILA NASYA AND VIDDHAKARMA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PRATH-AMAPATALAGATATIMIRA - A PILOT STUDY

The eye is the prime sense organ among all sense organs, thus the word Drushti indicates the function of vision. Sushruta has described 12 Drishtigat rogas in Uttartantra. The anatomical consideration of Patalas & symptoms of the vitiated Doshas situated in these Patalas reveals that the word Timira which is described as an ocular pathol- ogy in Ayurveda is nothing but errors of refraction. Myopia, a form of refractive error where the distant vision is compromised, embraces a large section of the present-day population. In today's world, the pace of life has become fast, irregular and stressful, due to which the visual acuity gets impeded, which can be correlated with Timira de- scribed in Ayurvedic classics. Prathama Patalagata Timira is explained by all Acharyasas a Sadhya Drishtigata Roga. When vitiated Doshas reaches the Pratham Patala of the eye, the patients have blurred vision; this stage is characterized by Avyaktasdarshana (Sushruta) & Animitta Avyakata Rupa Darshana (Vagbhata). Vagbhata has described Nasya as a treatment modality for Urdhwajatrugata Vikaras Sushruta has described Viddhakarma as a treatment modality for Timira in Sutrasthana. Akshadi Taila Nasya Yoga is explained in Ashtang Hrudaya. In the present trial, 30 patients of Prathama Patalagata Timira were selected and Nasya of Akshadi Taila was done along with Viddhakarma. Keywords: Timira, Nasya, Akshadi Taila, Simple myopia, Viddhakarma

A REVIEW ON THE CONCEPT OF HRIDYA IN AYURVEDA: LOOKING BEYOND CARDIO TONICS

The term Hridya is used in different contexts with reference to different articles with diverse characteristics. Unlike the various Ayurvedic terms which can be more or less understood by the term itself, the term Hridya need a more elucidation. It is vital to screen these basic terms and find their meanings in different aspects for better discernment of Hridya in Ayurveda Hence this article attempts to illuminate the concept Hridya and the diversities in the Hridya dravyas mentioned in different contexts. On critical analysis of the literature and recent studies it can be understood that Ayurveda has included heart and brain in the umbrella term ‘Hridaya’. The Hridya dravyas can thus be understood as Cardiac or Central Nervous System (CNS) stimulants which evoke stimulation through various chemo-sensory pathways. Overall, commentaries describe Hridya as something pleasing or that which is good for the body. All the pleasurable sensations of the body attained by virtue of taste, smell, touch and by mere sight can be comprised under the concept Hridya and the act and articles which impart the pleasurable sensation can be understood as Hridya dravyas. As such the classical textbooks have references of food articles, flowers, fragrances, etc. described as Hridya dravyas as they have the ability impart the pleasurable sensation in common. While portraying the concept Hridya, the motor, sensory and psychological components should be taken contemplated. Any stimuli that impart a sense of pleasure to the respective sense organ and hence impart a sense of pleasure in Hridaya can be considered as Hridya.

EYE-RELATED PHRASES IN JAPANESE AND UZBEK LANGUAGE

Eyes are organs of the visual system. The human eye is a sense organ that reacts to light and allows vision. It well known that the eye is a sensory organ, and while seeing protects us from external dangers, we perceive the external environment. That is why this part of the body is so important. Sight, whose main function is to help a person feel different things. Thanks to this member, many works of art have created. That is, writers wrote down what they saw with their own eyes. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the phrases in which these eye functions transferred in Japanese and Uzbek languages.

Current Issues of Providing the Personnel of the Radiation Hazardous Facilities with Personal Protection Equipment

Purpose: The article covers issues related to the providing personal protection for the personnel of radiation hazardous facilities. Specific character of working conditions at the enterprises in the field of atomic energy use is caused by extremely high toxic level of radioactive substances and the fact that there is no human sense organ which can identify dangerous levels of radiation exposure. Establishment of mandatory requirements for manufacturing, identification and verification of personal protection equipment (PPE) in the field of atomic energy use is needed because using of low-quality PPE and PPE not complying with working conditions poses a risk for the health of workers. The article provides results of analysis of the regulatory frameworks, both current and under development, which set the requirements for PPE. Results: Since 2017 Rosatom is executing plans for development of series of industry standards specifying requirements for PPE in the field of atomic energy use and methods of their testing. More than 25 interstate and national standards on PPE were included in the Summary list of standardization documents in the field of atomic energy use. PPE was included in the list of products subject to mandatory certification and having requirements for safety assurance in the field of atomic energy use specified. Industry and national standards establishing requirements for PPE protecting from tritium, radioactive noble gases, radioactive iodine, high-toxic alpha-emitting radionuclides, as well as standards on methods of their testing are planned to be developed soon. Conclusion: The system of standardizing requirements for PPE in the field of atomic energy use being created, together with existing system of certification of PPE in the field of atomic energy use will help to increase effectiveness of personal protection of the personnel at radiation and chemical hazardous facilities in nuclear industry.

Diagnosa Dini Penyakit Mata Menerapkan Metode Case Based Reasoning (CBR)

The eye is a sense organ found in humans. The eye has the ability to adjust the amount of light that enters, focus attention on objects near and far and produce a continuous image and is conveyed to the brain. Distractions that cause damage to the eyes, can occur due to eye fatigue, lack of sleep, exposure to dust, too long in front of the computer and so on. This study aims to analyze and design an expert system for early diagnosis of diseases of the eye that includes disease information, both symptoms and solutions, and plays a role in replacing and mimicking the reasoning process of an expert in solving specification problems. The method used for reasoning is case base reasoning (CBR) and the results of the study are an expert system for early diagnosis of computerized eye diseases that can be used to provide useful information in diagnosing disease