scholarly journals Origins of Wilson’s Warblers migrating through southwest Canada: Adding value to banding data by using stable isotopes and genetic markers

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Kardynal ◽  
Douglas M. Collister ◽  
Keith A. Hobson
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Population Changes ◽  
Stopover Site ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Northwestern North America

Abstract Stopovers used by birds during migration concentrate individuals from broad geographic areas potentially providing important information on catchment areas of birds moving through these sites. We combined stable isotope (δ2H), genetic fingerprinting and band recovery data to delineate the molt origins of Wilson’s Warblers (Cardellina pusilla) migrating through a stopover site in southwestern Canada in the fall. We assessed changes in δ2Hf indicating latitudinal origins with ordinal date to show this species likely underwent leapfrog migration through this site. Using the combined approach to determine origins, Wilson’s Warblers migrating through southwestern Alberta in 2015 were mostly from the western boreal population (n = 155, 96%) with some individuals from the Pacific Northwest (n = 1, 0.6%), Rocky Mountain (n = 2, 1.2%) and eastern boreal (n = 3, 1.8%) populations. Our results suggest that individuals migrating through our study site come from a broad catchment area potentially from a large part of northwestern North America. Future studies should link population changes at banding stations with other information to determine associations with large-scale landscape-level drivers (e.g. climate, land use).

Experiments on Oral Secretion of the Rocky Mountain Wood Tick, Dermacentor andersoni Stiles (Acarina: Ixodidae)

1957 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Gregson
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Dermacentor Variabilis ◽  
Oral Secretion ◽  
Amblyomma Maculatum ◽  
Dermacentor Andersoni ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Tick Paralysis ◽  
Rocky Mountain Wood Tick

Tick paralysis continues to be one of the most baffling and fascinating tickborne diseases in Canada. It was first reported in this country by Todd in 1912. Since then about 250 human cases, including 28 deaths, have been recorded from British Columbia. Outbreaks in cattle have affected up to 400 animals at a time, with losses in a herd as high as 65 head. Although the disease is most common in the Pacific northwest, where it is caused by the Rocky Mountain wood tick, Dermacentor andersoni Stiles, it has lately been reported as far south as Florida and has been produced by Dermacentor variabilis Say, Amblyomma maculatum Koch, and A. americanum (L.) (Gregson, 1953). The symptoms include a gradual ascending symmetrical flaccid paralysis. Apparently only man, sheep, cattle, dogs, and buffalo (one known instance) are susceptible, but even these may not necessarily be paralysed.

Keepability of Pennsylvania versus West Coast Grown Douglas-Fir Christmas Trees: Genotypic Variation in Relation to Subfreezing Temperatures

1990 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark E. Kubiske ◽  
Marc D. Abrams ◽  
James C. Finley
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Display Area ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Needle Loss

Abstract Cut Douglas-fir Christmas trees grown in Pennsylvania from Rocky Mountain seed sources and coastal trees grown in the Pacific Northwest and shipped into Pennsylvania were compared for keepability. Following various cold treatments, the cut ends of trees were placed in water in an indoor display area. Coastal trees placed in a freezer at - 29°C for 24 h had 89 ± 5.1% (mean ± standard error) needle loss after one day of display, while Rocky Mountain origin trees exhibited only 3 ± 2.0% needle loss after 1 day and 50 ± 5.6% needle loss after 18 days. Coastal produced trees exposed to temperatures > - 12°C had 50 ± 9.8% needle loss at the end of the experiment, while Rocky Mountain trees ended with 22 ± 3.2% needle loss. Four additional treatments consisted of trees placed on an outdoor lot and periodically moved indoors to simulate Christmas tree market activity. Again, there was a significant difference between trees from coastal and Rocky Mountain sources, with 57.2 ± 4.3% and 11.8 ± 1.2% needle loss after 3 days, respectively. By the end of the 23 day experiment, the coastal trees were essentially devoid of needles, whereas Rocky Mountain trees had an average of only 20% needle loss. Coastal trees also exhibited a very noticeable loss of color and lustre. North. J. Appl. For. 7:86-89, June 1990.

scholarly journals The Concept of Place in the American West

Linguaculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-59
Author(s):  
Irina Chirica
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Visual Arts ◽  
American West ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
New Historicism ◽  
The West ◽  
John Ford ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Louisiana Purchase ◽  
Cultural Concept

This paper surveys the most significant ways in which the American West has been viewed as a place and region. Starting with Thomas Jefferson’s Louisiana Purchase of 1803, we follow the expansion of the West as a region throughout American history. Jefferson worked out a plan which involved the creation of territories which later became states, following a certain procedure. Inside the larger West, there are many Wests: the prairie states of the Midwest (also called the “Bread Basket” of America), the Rocky Mountain states, the Pacific Northwest, the Southwest and California. We analyze the myths and images associated with the west in American culture, and the influence of Frederick Jackson Turner’s essay dedicated to “the Frontier”. We discuss the New Historicism approach and the way in which it criticizes Tuner. Then we discuss the reflection of the West in the visual arts (the major landscape painters and in the work of the western movie director John Ford). We bring arguments to support the idea that the West is a construct of human experience and a cultural concept, more than a “place”.

scholarly journals Causes of the Record-Breaking Pacific Northwest Heatwave, Late June 2021

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1434
Author(s):  
James E. Overland
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Polar Vortex ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Large Temperature ◽  
Extreme Heat Event ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Heat Event ◽  
Large Scale Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
The Bering Sea

The extreme heat event that hit the Pacific Northwest (Oregon, Washington, southern British Columbia) at the end of June 2021 was 3 °C greater than the previous Seattle record of 39 °C; larger extremes of 49 °C were observed further inland that were 6 °C above previous record. There were hundreds of deaths over the region and loss of marine life and forests. At the large scale prior to the event, the polar vortex was split over the Arctic. A polar vortex instability center formed over the Bering Sea and then extended southward along the west coast of North America. The associated tropospheric trough (low geopotential heights) established a multi-day synoptic scale Omega Block (west-east oriented low/high/low geopotential heights) centered over the Pacific Northwest. Warming was sustained in the region due to subsidence/adiabatic heating and solar radiation, which were the main reasons for such large temperature extremes. The seasonal transition at the end of spring suggests the possibility of a southern excursion of a polar vortex/jet stream pair. Both the Pacific Northwest event in 2021 and the Siberian heatwave climax in June 2020 may be examples of crossing a critical state in large-scale atmospheric circulation variability.

scholarly journals Autumn migratory orientation and route choice in early and late dunlins Calidris alpina captured at a stopover site in Alaska

Biology Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Åkesson ◽  
Johanna Grönroos ◽  
Giuseppe Bianco
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
North Pacific Ocean ◽  
Gulf Of Alaska ◽  
Stopover Site ◽  
Migratory Activity ◽  
Calidris Alpina ◽  
Migratory Orientation ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Wintering Areas

ABSTRACT We investigated the migratory orientation of early and late captured dunlins, Calidris alpina, by recording their migratory activity in circular orientation cages during autumn at a staging site in southwest Alaska and performed route simulations to the wintering areas. Two races of dunlins breeding in Alaska have different wintering grounds in North America (Pacific Northwest), and East Asia. Dunlins caught early in autumn (presumably Calidris alpinapacifica) oriented towards their wintering areas (east-southeast; ESE) supporting the idea that they migrate nonstop over the Gulf of Alaska to the Pacific Northwest. We found no difference in orientation between adult and juveniles, nor between fat and lean birds or under clear and overcast skies demonstrating that age, energetic status and cloud cover did not affect the dunlins’ migratory orientation. Later in autumn, we recorded orientation responses towards south-southwest suggesting arrival of the northern subspecies Calidris alpinaarcticola at our site. Route simulations revealed multiple compass mechanisms were compatible with the initial direction of early dunlins wintering in the Pacific Northwest, and for late dunlins migrating to East Asia. Future high-resolution tracking would reveal routes, stopover use including local movements and possible course shifts during migration from Alaska to wintering sites on both sides of the north Pacific Ocean.

Genetic interactions Between Hatchery and Wild Salmonids: Lessons from the Pacific Northwest

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (S1) ◽  
pp. 124-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin S. Waples
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Genetic Interactions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Genetic Risks ◽  
Northwestern North America

The potential for genetic interactions between hatchery and wild populations of salmonids in northwestern North America has increased considerably in recent decades. Efforts to mitigate severe losses to many wild stocks caused by overfishing, destruction of habitat, and blockage of migratory routes have focussed on boosting artificial production in public hatcheries. Opportunities for genetic interactions between hatchery and wild fish will increase if efforts to supplement wild production with hatchery-reared fish continue. Concerns center on three issues: (1) direct genetic effects (caused by hybridization and introgression); (2) indirect genetic effects (principally due to altered selection regimes or reductions in population size caused by competition, predation, disease, or other factors); and (3) genetic changes to hatchery stocks (through selection, drift, or stock transfers), which magnify the consequences of hybridization with wild fish. Strategies for minimizing these genetic risks and monitoring the consequences of various management options are discussed, and some important areas for future research are identified.

scholarly journals Comparing Large-Scale Hydrological Model Predictions with Observed Streamflow in the Pacific Northwest: Effects of Climate and Groundwater*

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 2501-2521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Safeeq ◽  
Guillaume S. Mauger ◽  
Gordon E. Grant ◽  
Ivan Arismendi ◽  
Alan F. Hamlet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Hydrologic Models ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Vic Model ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Model Parameterization ◽  
The Pacific

Abstract Assessing uncertainties in hydrologic models can improve accuracy in predicting future streamflow. Here, simulated streamflows using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model at coarse (°) and fine (°) spatial resolutions were evaluated against observed streamflows from 217 watersheds. In particular, the adequacy of VIC simulations in groundwater- versus runoff-dominated watersheds using a range of flow metrics relevant for water supply and aquatic habitat was examined. These flow metrics were 1) total annual streamflow; 2) total fall, winter, spring, and summer season streamflows; and 3) 5th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 95th flow percentiles. The effect of climate on model performance was also evaluated by comparing the observed and simulated streamflow sensitivities to temperature and precipitation. Model performance was evaluated using four quantitative statistics: nonparametric rank correlation ρ, normalized Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency NNSE, root-mean-square error RMSE, and percent bias PBIAS. The VIC model captured the sensitivity of streamflow for temperature better than for precipitation and was in poor agreement with the corresponding temperature and precipitation sensitivities derived from observed streamflow. The model was able to capture the hydrologic behavior of the study watersheds with reasonable accuracy. Both total streamflow and flow percentiles, however, are subject to strong systematic model bias. For example, summer streamflows were underpredicted (PBIAS = −13%) in groundwater-dominated watersheds and overpredicted (PBIAS = 48%) in runoff-dominated watersheds. Similarly, the 5th flow percentile was underpredicted (PBIAS = −51%) in groundwater-dominated watersheds and overpredicted (PBIAS = 19%) in runoff-dominated watersheds. These results provide a foundation for improving model parameterization and calibration in ungauged basins.

scholarly journals Changes in ozone and precursors during two aged wildfire smoke events in the Colorado Front Range in summer 2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (17) ◽  
pp. 10691-10707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob Lindaas ◽  
Delphine K. Farmer ◽  
Ilana B. Pollack ◽  
Andrew Abeleira ◽  
Frank Flocke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Colorado Front Range ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Front Range ◽  
Wildfire Smoke ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Urban Rural

Abstract. The relative importance of wildfire smoke for air quality over the western US is expected to increase as the climate warms and anthropogenic emissions decline. We report on in situ measurements of ozone (O3), a suite of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and reactive oxidized nitrogen species collected during summer 2015 at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory (BAO) in Erie, CO. Aged wildfire smoke impacted BAO during two distinct time periods during summer 2015: 6–10 July and 16–30 August. The smoke was transported from the Pacific Northwest and Canada across much of the continental US. Carbon monoxide and particulate matter increased during the smoke-impacted periods, along with peroxyacyl nitrates and several VOCs that have atmospheric lifetimes longer than the transport timescale of the smoke. During the August smoke-impacted period, nitrogen dioxide was also elevated during the morning and evening compared to the smoke-free periods. There were nine empirically defined high-O3 days during our study period at BAO, and two of these days were smoke impacted. We examined the relationship between O3 and temperature at BAO and found that for a given temperature, O3 mixing ratios were greater (∼ 10 ppbv) during the smoke-impacted periods. Enhancements in O3 during the August smoke-impacted period were also observed at two long-term monitoring sites in Colorado: Rocky Mountain National Park and the Arapahoe National Wildlife Refuge near Walden, CO. Our data provide a new case study of how aged wildfire smoke can influence atmospheric composition at an urban site, and how smoke can contribute to increased O3 abundances across an urban–rural gradient.

Characteristics and function of large woody debris in subalpine Rocky Mountain streams in northern Colorado

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 1789-1802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann D. Richmond ◽  
Kurt D. Fauseh
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Fish Habitat ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Large Woody Debris ◽  
Mountain Streams ◽  
Coastal Forests ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
And Function ◽  
Rocky Mountain Streams

Large woody debris has been well studied in coastal forests of the Pacific Northwest, but little is known of its role in Rocky Mountain streams. Large woody debris was measured in 11 undisturbed streams draining subalpine old-growth forests in north central Colorado to assess abundance, characteristics, and function. Although large woody debris in Colorado had smaller diameter, length, and volume than in the Pacific Northwest, its abundance and function were similar. The majority of pools (76%) were plunge and dammed pools formed by large woody debris, most of which spanned the channels perpendicular to stream flow. Smaller streams had a greater proportion of such perpendicular pool-forming pieces than larger streams. Four disturbed streams had significantly less and smaller large woody debris than undisturbed streams. Flows in larger undisturbed streams were capable of moving large woody debris, so pieces were more often located at the stream margins, oriented diagonally, or distributed in clumps than in smaller streams. Individual pools were larger and deeper in larger streams, but their size was not related to the size of large woody debris pieces forming them. Therefore, the function of large woody debris in forming fish habitat in small Rocky Mountain streams is strongly influenced by the stream's location within the watershed.

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