scholarly journals Modelling Irrigation Water Requirements at Physiological Growth Stages of Okra Life Cycle Using CROPWAT Model for Derived Savannah and Humid Forest Zones of Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 20-29
Author(s):  
OrevaOghene Aliku ◽  
Suarau Odutola Oshunsanya
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Irrigation Water Requirement ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Humid Forest ◽  
Weather Parameters ◽  
Accurate Quantification

Abstract Accurate quantification of irrigation water requirement at different physiological growth stages of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) life cycle is important to prevent over or under irrigation. Field experiments were therefore initiated to model okra irrigation water requirements at the four physiological growth stages of okra life cycle using CROPWAT model. Derived savannah 1 (DS1), derived savannah 2 (DS2) and humid forest (HF) occupying 493.36 ha, 69.83 ha and 305.25 ha respectively were used. Some selected soil physical properties coupled with weather parameters were used to develop irrigation water requirements for okra crop. In DS1, the estimated crop co-efficient (Kc) values were 0.30, 0.52, 0.84 and 0.70 for the germination, crop growth, flowering and fruiting stages, respectively. Corresponding Kc values in DS2 were 0.30, 0.54, 0.90 and 0.84 and in the HF were 0.30, 0.56, 0.87 and 0.86 respectively. Daily crop evapo-transpiration values ranged from 1.16 to 3.36, 1.17 to 3.64, and 1.2 to 3.38 mm day-1 for DS1, DS2 and HF respectively with significant (p = 0.05) peak at the flowering stage for the three locations. Sustainable okra cultivation would require maximum daily irrigation water at flowering stage (reproductive phase) to meet the crop physiological needs and evapo-transpiration demand of the atmosphere.

scholarly journals An Analytical View on Water Use Efficiency of Some Main Crops Grown in the Non-costal Parts of Thrace Region

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
Recep Cakir
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Irrigation Water Use ◽  
Rainfed Farming ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Thrace Region

The article contains data obtained from evaluations related to irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) and water use efficiency (WUE), for the main crops, irrigated at different stages of growth, on the basis of some findings obtained in the Research Institute in Kırklareli. Each of the experimental crops was sown and farmed following procedures applied by the farmers in the region, except of the irrigation applications which were based on the sensitivity of a certain crop to water shortage in the soil, during the specific growth stages. Similar procedures were applied and all the experimental treatments were irrigated at growth stages, as predicted in the research methodology, and water amounts required to fill the 0-90 cm soil depth to field capacity were implied. Evaluation data obtained from the field experiments with three major crops, grown on the non-coastal lands of Thrace Region showed, that the productivity of irrigation water, as well as water use efficiencies of all analysed crops, are growth stage controlled. The highest IWUE and WUE efficiencies of 0.87 and 0.92 kg da-1 m-3; and 1.08 kg da-1 m-3 and 0.81 kg da-1 m-3; were determined for wheat and sunflower crops, irrigated at booting and flowering stages, respectively. Each m3 of irrigation water, applied during the most sensitive fruit formation stage (Ff) of pumpkin crop, provided additionally 8.47 kg da-1 fruit yield, 8.09 fruit numbers and 0.28 kg da-1 seed yields, more than those of rainfed farming (R).

scholarly journals Analisis Kebutuhan Air Irigasi Menggunakan CROPWAT 8.0 pada Daerah Irigasi Krueng Jreu Kabupaten Aceh Besar

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 412-421
Author(s):  
Mahendra Rizqi ◽  
Muhammad Yasar Yasar ◽  
Dewi Sri Jayanti
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Rice Paddy ◽  
Irrigation Water Requirement ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Cropping Patterns ◽  
Irrigation Area ◽  
Land Preparation ◽  
Increase Food Production ◽  
Manual Calculation

Abstrak. Salah satu usaha peningkatan produksi pangan khususnya padi adalah tersedianya air irigasi di areal sawah sesuai dengan kebutuhan. Kebutuhan air yang diperlukan  pada areal irigasi besarnya bervariasi sesuai keadaan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan evapotranspirasi, kehilangan air, kebutuhan air untuk tanaman dengan memperhatikan jumlah air yang diberikan oleh alam melalui hujan dan kontribusi air tanah. Pengaplikasian CROPWAT 8.0 ini sangat membantu dalam pengelolaan data sehingga menghasilkan data yang dapat digunakan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menghitung kebutuhan air irigasi pada Daerah Irigasi Krueng Jreu dengan menggunakan software CROPWAT 8.0. Metode penelitian adalah menentukan parameter, pengumpulan data dan pengolahan data.  Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data luas areal yang dialiri, data-data untuk menghitung evapotranspirasi meliputi temperatur, kelembaban relatif, kecepatan angin, lama penyinaran matahari, curah hujan, pola dan jadwal tanam yang dianjurkan di daerah penelitian. Hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan diperoleh  Nilai evapotranspirasi potensial (ET0)  rata-rata  di Daerah Irigasi Krueng Jreu adalah sebesar 3,75 mm/hari, curah hujan efektif (Re) rata-rata di Daerah Irigasi Krueng Jreu adalah sebesar 3,09 mm/hari, kebutuhan air untuk penyiapan lahan adalah sebesar 11,35 mm/hari untuk Bulan November dan sebesar 11,71 mm/hari untuk Bulan Mei, kebutuhan bersih air di sawah (NFR) untuk padi rendeng dan padi gadu yaitu sebesar  11,22 mm/hari dan 25,34 mm/hari, dan kebutuhan air pada pintu pengambilan (DR) untuk padi rendeng dan padi gadu yaitu sebesar 17,27 mm/hari dan 38,98 mm/hari. Kebutuhan air irigasi di Darah Irigasi Krueng Jreu dengan total luas area sebesar 3.287 ha dengan kebutuhan air irigasi pola tanam padi-padi yang dimulai awal pengolahan lahan pada awal Bulan November maka didapatkan kebutuhan air irigasi maksimal yaitu terjadi pada Bulan Juli dengan perhitungan CROPWAT yaitu sebesar 14,9 m3/detik dan untuk perhitungan manual yaitu sebesar 6,26 m3/detik. Kebutuhan air irigasi minimum yaitu terjadi pada Bulan Desember dengan perhitungan CROPWAT yaitu sebesar 0,00 m3/detik dan perhitungan manual yaitu sebesar 0,45 m3/detik.Analysis of Irrigation Water Requirement Using CROPWAT 8.0 in Krueng Jreu Irrigation Area  of Aceh Besar RegencyAbstract. One of the efforts to increase food production, especially rice, is the availability of irrigation water in paddy fields according to their needs. The required water needs in the area of irrigation varies according the State needs for evapotranspiration, water loss, water needs for plants with attention to the amount of water given by nature through the rain and the contribution of groundwater. The application of  Cropwat 8.0 is very helpful in managing data so as to produce data that can be used. The purpose of this study was to calculate irrigation water requirements in the Krueng Jreu Irrigation Area using Cropwat 8.0 software. The research method is determining parameters, data collection and data processing. The data used in this study is the data area that is flowed, the data for calculating evapotranspiration include: temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, duration of solar radiation, rainfall, patterns, and planting schedules recommended in the study area. Based on the results of the research that has been carried out, it can be concluded as follows: the average evapotranspiration value (ET0) in the Krueng Jreu Irrigation Area is 3,75 mm/day, the effective rainfall (Re) in the Krueng Jreu Irrigation Area is amounting to 3,09 mm/day, water requirements for land preparation of 11,35 mm/day in November and 11,71 mm/day in Mei, clean water requirements in rice fields (NFR) for rendeng rice and gadu rice which amounted to 11,22 mm/day and 25,34 mm/day, and water requirements on the retrieval gate (DR) for rendeng rice and gadu rice were equal to 17,27 mm/day and 38,98 mm/day. Irrigation water needs in Krueng Jreu Irrigation Blood with a total area of 3.287 ha with irrigation water requirements for rice-paddy cropping patterns that were started at the beginning of land processing at the beginning of November the maximum irrigation water needs were obtained in July with  Cropwat calculations that is equal to 14,9 m3/second and for manual calculations amounting to 6,26 m3/sec. For minimum irrigation water needs, that occurs in December with a Cropwat calculation is 0,00 m3/second and manual calculation of 0,45 m3/sec.

scholarly journals Response and Modeling of Hybrid Maize Seed Vigor to Water Deficit at Different Growth Stages

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3289
Author(s):  
Rongchao Shi ◽  
Ling Tong ◽  
Taisheng Du ◽  
Manoj K. Shukla
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Vigor ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Arid Areas ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Film Mulching ◽  
Hybrid Maize

Research is imperative to predict seed vigor of hybrid maize production under water deficit in arid areas. Field experiments were conducted in 2018 and 2019 in arid areas of northwestern China to investigate the effects of different irrigation strategies at various growth stages with drip irrigation under film mulching on grain yield, kernel weight, seed protein content, and seed vigor of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.). Water deficit at vegetative, flowering, and grain-filling stages was considered and a total of 16 irrigation treatments was applied. A total of 12 indices of germination percentage, germination index (GI), shoot length (SL), and root length (RL) under different germination conditions (standard germination and accelerated aging); electrical conductivity (EC) of the leachate; and activities of peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase in seeds were measured and analyzed using the combinational evaluation method (CEM). Furthermore, five water production functions (Blank, Stewart, Rao, Jensen, and Minhas) were used to predict seed vigor evaluated by CEM under water deficit. The results showed that leachate EC was higher under water deficit than that under sufficient irrigation. The SL, RL, and GI of different germination conditions increased under water deficit at the flowering stage. The Rao model was considered the best fitted model to predict the vigor of hybrid maize seeds under water deficit, and an appropriate water deficit at the flowering stage is recommended to ensure high seed vigor of hybrid maize production with drip irrigation under film mulching. Our findings would be useful for reducing crop water use while ensuring seed vigor for hybrid maize production in arid areas.

scholarly journals Actual evapotranspiration and crop coefficients of irrigated lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) under semiarid climate

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Koffi Djaman ◽  
Daran R. Rudnick ◽  
Yonnelle D. Moukoumbi ◽  
Abdoulaye Sow ◽  
Suat Irmak
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Senegal River ◽  
Crop Coefficients

Lowland irrigated rice is the predominant crop produced in the Senegal River Valley characterised by very low annual rainfall, high temperatures, and low relative humidity. The Senegal River is shared by Senegal, Mali, Mauritania, and Guinea, and serves as the main source of irrigation water for the adopted double rice cropping system. Developing appropriate resource management strategies might be the key factor for the sustainability of rice production in the region. This study aims to estimate rice seasonal evapotranspiration (ETa), irrigation water requirement, and to develop rice growth stage specific crop coefficients (Kc) to improve rice water productivity. Field experiments were conducted during the hot and dry seasons in 2014 and 2015 at the AfricaRice research station at Fanaye in Senegal. Irrigation water inputs were monitored and actual crop evapotranspiration was derived using the water balance method. Daily reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was estimated using the Penman-Monteith equation and the weather variables were collected at the site by an automated weather station. The results showed that the ETo during the hot and dry season from February 15th to June 30th varied from 4.5 to 9.9 mm and from 3.7 to 10.8 mm in 2014 and 2015, respectively, and averaged 6.8 mm d–1 in 2014 and 6.6 mm d–1 in 2015. The seasonal irrigation water amount for the transplanted rice was 1110 mm in 2014 and 1095 mm in 2015. Rice daily ETa varied from 4.7 to 10.5 mm in 2014 and from 4.4 to 10.5 mm in 2015 and averaged 8.17 mm in 2014 and 8.14 mm in 2015. Rice seasonal ETa was 841.5 mm in 2014 and 855.4 mm in 2015. The derived rice Kc values varied from 0.77 to 1.51 in 2014 and 0.85 to 1.50 in 2015. Rice Kc values averaged 1.01, 1.31, and 1.12 for the crop development, mid-season and late season growth stages, respectively. The Kc values developed in this study could be used for water management under rice production during the hot and dry season in the Senegal River Valley.

SENSITIVITY OF CROP PLANTS TO WATER STRESS AT SPECIFIC DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES: REEVALUATION OF EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zvi Plaut
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Uniform Reduction ◽  
Different Growth Stages

It has been suggested that in many crops differences in sensitivity to water stress occur at different growth stages. Since identical amounts of water may be applied, irrespective of whether a crop is exposed to relatively severe and short periods of stress or to extended periods of mild stress, the responses to such differing conditions should be compared. Unfortunately, such a comparison has not been conducted in most studies on sensitivity to water stress at different growth stages. In the present study, based on three field experiments conducted for different purposes, such a comparison was made for three crops: corn, sunflower, and tomato. In corn, distinct responses of ear and kernel yields to the timing of water stress were found. Withdrawal of irrigation water during flowering and cob formation resulted in greater yield losses than during other stages, indicating that this is a critical growth stage. However, slight and uniform reduction of water during the entire growth period resulted in significantly less damage to kernel or ear production, although the total amount of water applied was similar to that under staged withdrawal. In sunflowers, the withdrawal of irrigation water even at noncritical growth stages caused a more marked reduction in grain yield than did a uniform reduction throughout the entire season. In tomatoes, on the other hand, the withdrawal of irrigation water during specific growth stages caused minimal damage to fruit and total soluble solids yield as compared with fully irrigated control; reduction of irrigation water throughout the season brought about a significant decrease in yield. The difference between these crops is interpreted on the basis of the determinance of their floral meristems.

Research Dry Crop and Irrigation Water Requirement in Environment Engineering

2013 ◽  
Vol 340 ◽  
pp. 961-965
Author(s):  
Xin Hua Wang ◽  
Mei Hua Guo ◽  
Hui Mei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Water Requirement ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Effective Rainfall ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Irrigation Water Requirement ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Crop Water Requirements ◽  
Irrigation Water Use

According to Kunming 1980-2010 monthly weather data and CROPWAT software and the corresponding crop data, crop water requirements and irrigation water use are calculated. By frequency analysis, irrigation water requirement was get for different guaranteed rate. The results show that: corn, potatoes, tobacco, and soybeans average crop water requirements were 390.7mm, 447.9mm, 361.8mm and 328.4mm, crop water dispersion coefficient is small, period effective rainfall during crop growth in most of the year can meet the crop water requirements, so irrigation water demand is small. While the multi-year average crop water requirements were 400.8mm, 353.5mm, 394.3mm for small spring crops of wheat, beans, rape. Because the effective rainfall for these crops during growth period is relative less, crop irrigation water requirements for small spring crop is much. Vegetables and flowers are plant around the year, so the crop water and irrigation water requirements are the largest.

scholarly journals Reduction of predictive uncertainty in estimating irrigation water requirement through multi-model ensembles and ensemble averaging

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 1233-1244 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Multsch ◽  
J.-F. Exbrayat ◽  
M. Kirby ◽  
N. R. Viney ◽  
H.-G. Frede ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Model Uncertainty ◽  
Parametric Uncertainty ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Water Requirement ◽  
Irrigation Water Requirement ◽  
Ensemble Averaging ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Crop Coefficients ◽  
Model Parametric Uncertainty

Abstract. Irrigation agriculture plays an increasingly important role in food supply. Many evapotranspiration models are used today to estimate the water demand for irrigation. They consider different stages of crop growth by empirical crop coefficients to adapt evapotranspiration throughout the vegetation period. We investigate the importance of the model structural versus model parametric uncertainty for irrigation simulations by considering six evapotranspiration models and five crop coefficient sets to estimate irrigation water requirements for growing wheat in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia. The study is carried out using the spatial decision support system SPARE:WATER. We find that structural model uncertainty among reference ET is far more important than model parametric uncertainty introduced by crop coefficients. These crop coefficients are used to estimate irrigation water requirement following the single crop coefficient approach. Using the reliability ensemble averaging (REA) technique, we are able to reduce the overall predictive model uncertainty by more than 10%. The exceedance probability curve of irrigation water requirements shows that a certain threshold, e.g. an irrigation water limit due to water right of 400 mm, would be less frequently exceeded in case of the REA ensemble average (45%) in comparison to the equally weighted ensemble average (66%). We conclude that multi-model ensemble predictions and sophisticated model averaging techniques are helpful in predicting irrigation demand and provide relevant information for decision making.

Critical concentrations of potassium in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

1992 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Singh ◽  
M. S. Brar ◽  
A. S. Brar
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
The Third ◽  
Different Growth Stages

SUMMARYPotassium concentrations in various plant parts of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) at different growth stages were determined in field experiments in Punjab, India, in 1987, for plots fertilized at sowing and flowering, and these were compared with the final seed cotton yield. The optimum time of sampling for predicting relative yield depends on the time of K fertilizer application: if applied at sowing, plants should be sampled before the peak flowering stage (70 days after sowing, DAS); if applied at flowering (50 DAS), plants should be sampled 90–115 DAS. Critical K concentrations (% K. in dry matter) in the plant parts measured at different growth stages were 3·26 in the petioles of the third leaf from the top at flower initiation; 0·69 and 0·90 in blades and petioles of a lower leaf (first or second healthy leaf from the bottom of plant) respectively, and 2·60 in the petioles of the third leaf (young, fully mature leaf from the top of the plant) at peak flowering stage; 0·85 in blades of the third leaf, 0·53 and 0·50 in blades and petioles of a lower leaf, respectively, at the boll development stage; 0·70 and 2·85 in blades and petioles of the third leaf and 0·68 in petioles of a lower leaf at boll opening stage.

scholarly journals Transplanting date adjustment in Boro rice cultivation as a strategy to reduce groundwater withdrawal in Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Md. Hossain Ali
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Water Requirement ◽  
Rice Cultivation ◽  
Groundwater Withdrawal ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Irrigation Water Requirement ◽  
Boro Rice

AbstractDue to intensive irrigated rice cultivation during dry season, declining trend of groundwater level is observed in many parts of Bangladesh. Field experiments were conducted in 2015 and 2016 at four experimental stations of Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture, Bangladesh to evaluate the performance of some Boro rice cultivars in different planting dates with respect to yield and irrigation water requirement, and to optimize between yield and irrigation water requirement, with a view to reduce groundwater withdrawal and hence reducing mining of groundwater. The transplanting dates were 21th January (T1), 15th February (T2), 7th March and 30th March. Four rice cultivars were used. The results showed that the rice growth period was shortened with the later dates of transplanting. Generally, the yield of all cultivars at first and second transplanting (i.e. in T1 & T2) are good, and decrease at the later transplanting dates (T3, T4) and hence could not be recommended among farmers. When we consider the irrigation savings in T2 compare to T1, the irrigation savings varies with location and year, but the general tendency is that the second transplanting can save irrigation water. By considering economic (intrusion of additional rabi crop between two rice crops) and ecological factor (irrigation reduction, and hence reducing groundwater withdrawal), we recommend that the most suitable transplanting time for Boro rice should be 15th February. As such, we can effectively achieve good yield, reduce irrigation requirement, and creating opportunity for possible intrusion of addition Rabi crop between two rice crops. Overall, the findings of the present study can provide effective transplanting time and cultivar to reduce groundwater withdrawal in the present agro-ecosystem of northwestern Bangladesh and other similar areas.

Transplanting date adjustment in Boro rice cultivation as a strategy to reduce groundwater withdrawal in Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Hossain Ali
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Water Requirement ◽  
Rice Cultivation ◽  
Groundwater Withdrawal ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Irrigation Water Requirement ◽  
Irrigation Requirement ◽  
Boro Rice

Due to intensive irrigated rice cultivation during dry season, declining trend of groundwater level is observed in many parts of Bangladesh. Field experiments were conducted in 2015 and 2016 at four experimental stations of Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture, Bangladesh to evaluate the performance of some Boro rice cultivars in different planting dates with respect to yield and irrigation water requirement, and to optimize between yield and irrigation water requirement, with a view to reduce groundwater withdrawal and hence reducing mining of groundwater. The transplanting dates were 21th January (T1), 15th February (T2), 7th March and 30th March.  Four rice cultivars were used. The results showed that the rice growth period was shortened with the later dates of transplanting. Generally, the yield of all cultivars at first and second transplanting (i.e. in T1 & T2) are good, and decrease at the later transplanting dates (T3, T4) and hence could not be recommended among farmers. When we consider the irrigation savings in T2 compare to T1, the irrigation savings varies with location and year, but the general tendency is that the second transplanting can save irrigation water. By considering economic (intrusion of additional rabi crop between two rice crops) and ecological factor (irrigation reduction, and hence reducing groundwater withdrawal), we recommend that the most suitable transplanting time for Boro rice should be 15th February. As such, we can effectively achieve good yield, reduce irrigation requirement, and creating opportunity for possible intrusion of addition Rabi crop between two rice crops. Overall, the findings of the present study can provide effective transplanting time and cultivar to reduce groundwater withdrawal in the present agro-ecosystem of northwestern Bangladesh and other similar areas.Keywords:  Boro rice, irrigation requirement, transplanting date, groundwater withdrawal, ecosystem

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document