scholarly journals New Evidence of the Effect of Beijing’s Driving Restriction and Other Olympic-Year Policies on Air Pollution

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Liu ◽  
Haiyang Kong
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Chinese Cities ◽  
Driving Restrictions ◽  
Long Run ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Short Run ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The City

AbstractSeven Chinese cities have enacted One-Weekday Limit (OWL) driving restrictions following Beijing’s implementation shortly after the Olympics in 2008. Existing literature examines the short-run effect of the OWL or the long-run effect of the Olympic-year policy package on air pollution in Beijing. Using two difference-in-differences (DD) approaches, this study compares the long-run effect of the Olympic-year policy package with the effect of the OWL. Using the city of Tianjin as a control, this study finds a significant drop in pollution due to the Olympic-year policy package. Using weekends as a control, this study finds a much smaller and less significant drop due to the OWL. These new findings suggest that compared to the OWL, other policies enforced in the Olympic year account for a greater portion of the drop.

Give it Away Now: An Explanation of the Empirical Results of the Ultimatum and Centipede Games

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liam Mulligan
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Fairness ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Making Choices ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Future Consequences ◽  
The City ◽  
Rational Players

Economics defines individual rationality as consumers making choices that maximize their utility in anticipation of the future consequences of these choices.  In theory, a consumer will take his or her income and allocate it towards purchases that maximize his or her utility given his or her stable of reasonably static preferences (in the short run) and estimated changes to preferences in the long run.  In order for an agent to maximize his or her utility, the agent must also maximize his or her income.   However, behavioural studies on human decisions in economic games (game theory) have shown that consumers do not always maximize their income.  Two games in particular (Ultimatum and Centipede) have demonstrated that seemingly rational players may not maximize income, whether for perceived fairness, justice, or punishment.  Practical applications of these results are observed in labour relations when striking unionized employees earn less with a labour stoppage than they would have if they had avoided losing time at work.  Specifically, a seven week strike in 2008 by CUPE Local 855 (Kawartha Lakes) is examined.  It is determined that all four job types in the City of Kawartha Lakes Children’s Services department lost income because of the strike.  Reasoning and empirical results from both the Ultimatum and Centipede games will be used to explain the Union’s decision to strike and to strike for as long as they did

scholarly journals The Rate of Return on Everything, 1870–2015*

2019 ◽  
Vol 134 (3) ◽  
pp. 1225-1298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Òscar Jordà ◽  
Katharina Knoll ◽  
Dmitry Kuvshinov ◽  
Moritz Schularick ◽  
Alan M Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Real Rate ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Asset Classes ◽  
New Evidence

Abstract What is the aggregate real rate of return in the economy? Is it higher than the growth rate of the economy and, if so, by how much? Is there a tendency for returns to fall in the long run? Which particular assets have the highest long-run returns? We answer these questions on the basis of a new and comprehensive data set for all major asset classes, including housing. The annual data on total returns for equity, housing, bonds, and bills cover 16 advanced economies from 1870 to 2015, and our new evidence reveals many new findings and puzzles.

How harmful is air pollution to economic development? New evidence from PM2.5 concentrations of Chinese cities

2018 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 743-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Hao ◽  
Hui Peng ◽  
T. Temulun ◽  
Li-Qun Liu ◽  
Jie Mao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Chinese Cities ◽  
New Evidence

scholarly journals Does Inflation Reduce Air Pollution? Evidence from Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 317 ◽  
pp. 01068
Author(s):  
Andryan Setyadharma ◽  
Shanty Oktavilia ◽  
Indah Fajarini Sri Wahyuningrum ◽  
Sri Indah Nikensari ◽  
Arumawan Mei Saputra
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Long Run ◽  
High Inflation ◽  
Positive Rate ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Impact

Inflation could likely cause devastating impacts where high inflation can harmful economic and social circumstances. However, only limited studies try to find the impact of inflation on the quality of air. The aim of this study is to investigate the empirical linkage between inflation and air pollution in Indonesia covering the period of 1981 until 2017 by using an error correction model (ECM) methodological approach. The result of study suggests that in the short run, higher inflation is causing the lower level of air pollution. Similarly, in the long run, higher inflation is also affecting the lower level of air pollution. While there are a lot of negative impacts of inflation in Indonesia, the finding in this study indicates a positive impact of inflation in Indonesia, which is higher inflation can reduce the air pollution. The results seem contradict with the target of central bank of Indonesia to have a low but positive rate of inflation. Based on the findings, the study suggests the policymakers in Indonesia to support a robust role of inflation stability in achieving targets related to the reduction of air pollution.

scholarly journals Impact of Poverty and Population Increase on Environmental Degradation: A Comparative Study of Pakistan and India

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-176
Author(s):  
Sher Ali ◽  
Bibi Aisha Sadiqa ◽  
Sajjad Ali ◽  
Shabana Parveen
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Annual Time Series ◽  
The Impact

This study is devoted to elucidating the impact of poverty and population increase on air pollution (CO2-emission) in the two most populous countries of South Asia i.e. Pakistan and India. Annual time series data for the period of 1990-2018 are used to examine the said impact. To estimate the desired impact Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) technique is used. It is observed that CO2 emission is significantly determined by population increase and poverty in case of India. In the case of Pakistan population increase significantly affect CO2 emission in both the short run and long run, while poverty don not contributed significantly in the long run. Industrial production if found positive and statistically significant in both the runs. Stability of the model and other diagnostic tests are also employed not serious econometric problems are repowered. It is suggested on the bases of results that serious steps should be taken to reduce environmental pollution by reducing population increase and poverty. Industrial production also contributed to air pollution therefore industrial policies are also needed to be employed to reduce Air pollution.

scholarly journals Remittance in Niger: effects on economic growth and on migrants’ left behind

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-69
Author(s):  
Issoufou Oumarou
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Living Condition ◽  
Education Expenditure ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Fixed Capital Formation ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The City

Abstract Remittances have long been an important source of revenue for many people in the Republic of Niger. In order to fight poverty, young people choose to migrate. In 2019, a total of 293 million U.S. dollars was sent by migrants to their relatives in Niger; that is 3% of Niger Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The objective of this study is to analyze the effects of remittances on economic growth in Niger and the significance of its contribution in improving the living condition of migrants’ left behind families. The study applies a three-step econometric procedure followed by a survey on the usage of the remittances in the city of Tahoua (Republic of Niger). The study also performed some tests on the residuals for the accuracy of the prediction of the model. The empirical results showed no long run relationship between remittances, economic growth and gross fixed capital formation in Niger. However, in the short-run, the study revealed the existence of causal effect between remittances and economic growth. On the other hand, the results of the conducted survey in the city of Tahoua showed that 45.7% of the received remittance is used in food expenditure, 19.3% in education expenditure, 10.36% in health expenditure and 5.4% is allocated to house rent. The survey also revealed the importance of the remittances for the left behind. It indicates that 14% of the respondent left behind wish to see another family member engage in migration.

scholarly journals Effects of Air Pollution on the Risk of Low Birth Weight in a Cold Climate

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 6399
Author(s):  
Hamudat A. Balogun ◽  
Aino K. Rantala ◽  
Harri Antikainen ◽  
Nazeeba Siddika ◽  
A. Kofi Amegah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Prenatal Exposure ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Joint Effects ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The City

There is accumulating evidence that prenatal exposure to air pollution disturbs fetal growth and development, but little is known about these effects in cold climates or their season-specific or joint effects. Our objective was to assess independent and joint effects of prenatal exposure to specific air pollutants on the risk of low birth weight (LBW). We utilized the 2568 children of the Espoo Cohort Study, born between 1984 and 1990 and living in the City of Espoo. We conducted stratified analyses for births during warm and cold seasons separately. We analyzed the effect estimates using multi-pollutant Poisson regression models with risk ratio (RR) as the measure of effect. The risk of LBW was related to exposure to CO (adjusted RR 1.44, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04–2.00) and exposure to O3 in the spring–summer season (1.82, 1.11–2.96). There was also evidence of synergistic effects between CO and O3 (relative risk due to interaction (RERI), all year 1.08, 95% CI: 0.27–4.94, spring–summer 3.97, 2.17–25.85) and between PM2.5 and O3 (all year 0.72, −0.07–3.60, spring–summer 2.80, 1.36–19.88). We present new evidence of both independent and joint effects of prenatal exposure to low levels of air pollution in a cold climate on the risk of LBW.

scholarly journals The Long-Run Effects of Labor Migration on Human Capital Formation in Communities of Origin

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taryn Dinkelman ◽  
Martine Mariotti
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
South African ◽  
Administrative Data ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Capital Formation ◽  
Human Capital Formation ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Exogenous Shocks ◽  
Long Run ◽  
New Evidence

We provide new evidence of one channel through which circular labor migration has long-run effects on origin communities: by raising completed human capital of the next generation. We estimate the net effects of migration from Malawi to South African mines using newly digitized census and administrative data on access to mine jobs, a difference-in-differences strategy, and two opposite-signed and plausibly exogenous shocks to the option to migrate. Twenty years after these shocks, human capital is 4.8–6.9 percent higher among cohorts who were eligible for schooling in communities with the easiest access to migrant jobs. (JEL F22, J24, J61, L72, O13, O15)

scholarly journals Analyzing the Effect of Fuel Prices Increase on Travel Behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Aljoufie
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Fuel Prices ◽  
Jeddah City ◽  
Long Run ◽  
City Population ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The City

Saudi Arabia has increased the prices of fuel in January 2018. The increase was unprecedented and range from 82% to 126 %.Travel behavior patterns and socio-economic characteristics are unique in Saudi Arabia. High car dependency is notable in all main Saudi cities.  This study attempts to analyze the effect of fuel prices increase on travel behavior change in the city of Jeddah, second largest city in Saudi Arbia. A household survey was conducted to collect travel patterns of Jeddah city population, before and after the increase of the fuel prices. Results indicate a significant effect of fuel prices increase on travel behavior in Jeddah. Further studies to explore other effects of fuel prices increase on travel behavior  in Jeddah are important in both short run and long run.

scholarly journals The nexus between money growth and inflation in Turkey: New evidence from a Wavelet Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Turgut Tursoy ◽  
Muhammad Mar’i
Keyword(s):  
Wavelet Analysis ◽  
Money Supply ◽  
Wavelet Transforms ◽  
Wavelet Coherence ◽  
Quantity Theory ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Demand Pull ◽  
Short Run ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The study investigates the lead-lag relationship in Turkey by employing wavelet analysis, mainly continuous wavelet analysis, cross wavelet transforms and wavelet coherence and phase-difference, during the period from 1987 to 2019. Our finding confirms the existing relationship between money supply and inflation, and also showing a different pattern for the structure of the relationship between money supply and inflation; moreover, the result corresponds with the fact that Turkey experienced many economic crises during the period. Additionally, the results show that the lead-lag relationship between money supply and inflation is changeable and the inflation leads as a result of the Demand-pull theory. The result is consistent with the traditional quantity theory of money in the long run, and; also regarding the modern quantity theory of money, there is also short-run and long-run relationship between money supply and inflation.

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