scholarly journals Analyzing the Effect of Fuel Prices Increase on Travel Behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Aljoufie
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Fuel Prices ◽  
Jeddah City ◽  
Long Run ◽  
City Population ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The City

Saudi Arabia has increased the prices of fuel in January 2018. The increase was unprecedented and range from 82% to 126 %.Travel behavior patterns and socio-economic characteristics are unique in Saudi Arabia. High car dependency is notable in all main Saudi cities.  This study attempts to analyze the effect of fuel prices increase on travel behavior change in the city of Jeddah, second largest city in Saudi Arbia. A household survey was conducted to collect travel patterns of Jeddah city population, before and after the increase of the fuel prices. Results indicate a significant effect of fuel prices increase on travel behavior in Jeddah. Further studies to explore other effects of fuel prices increase on travel behavior  in Jeddah are important in both short run and long run.

Give it Away Now: An Explanation of the Empirical Results of the Ultimatum and Centipede Games

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liam Mulligan
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Fairness ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Making Choices ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Future Consequences ◽  
The City ◽  
Rational Players

Economics defines individual rationality as consumers making choices that maximize their utility in anticipation of the future consequences of these choices.  In theory, a consumer will take his or her income and allocate it towards purchases that maximize his or her utility given his or her stable of reasonably static preferences (in the short run) and estimated changes to preferences in the long run.  In order for an agent to maximize his or her utility, the agent must also maximize his or her income.   However, behavioural studies on human decisions in economic games (game theory) have shown that consumers do not always maximize their income.  Two games in particular (Ultimatum and Centipede) have demonstrated that seemingly rational players may not maximize income, whether for perceived fairness, justice, or punishment.  Practical applications of these results are observed in labour relations when striking unionized employees earn less with a labour stoppage than they would have if they had avoided losing time at work.  Specifically, a seven week strike in 2008 by CUPE Local 855 (Kawartha Lakes) is examined.  It is determined that all four job types in the City of Kawartha Lakes Children’s Services department lost income because of the strike.  Reasoning and empirical results from both the Ultimatum and Centipede games will be used to explain the Union’s decision to strike and to strike for as long as they did

scholarly journals Using Mathematical and Statistical Model to Forecast the Path of Infection by Covid-19 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarek Omara ◽  
Khaled A. Harby
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Weibull Model ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Seir Model ◽  
Nonlinear Growth ◽  
First Case ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Relationship

Saudi Arabia, like any other part of the earthly globe, has been exposed to the Covid-19 pandemic. The first case appeared on March 3, 2020, followed by an increase in the number of infections until it reached thousands with the numbers on the rise. Therefore, adopting clear strategies to deal with the pandemic according to specific data on its size is necessary. In this study, the time series of the number of infections and deaths were analyzed to study the behavior of the pandemic over time. The cumulative curve of the phenomenon was analyzed to show the extent of the pandemic's decline or spread. On the other hand, the time curve of the number of cases of the pandemic was fitted based on a set of mathematical and statistical models, which were divided into three sections [nonlinear growth model, Susceptible, Exposed, Infectious, Recovered (SEIR) model, regression model] to attain the best possible fitting of the relationship curve. The results show that the Weibull model and Polynomial model at (n = 4) are the best models for fitting the relationship at short run and the SEIR model gives better relationship fitting at long run. In conclusion, there is a tendency for the disease to decline during the short period, while expecting other waves of the epidemic that will recede in the long term with the emergence of a suitable vaccine.

scholarly journals The Endogenous Money Hypothesis: an Empirical Study of The Saudi Arabia

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Saud Almutair
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Money Supply ◽  
Wald Test ◽  
Bank Loans ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Demand Deposit ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Endogenous Money ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Vector Error Correction Models

In this paper, the endogenous money supply hypothesis in Saudi Arabia is examined using data from January 1997 to February 2015. The study uses Johansen cointegration technique and Vector Error Correction models (VECM) for cointegrated series.The long run causality was found to run from bank loans (BL) and from demand deposit (TD) to the money supply (MS1), and not from MS1to BL, as the mainstream view. The endogenios money supply hypothesis is reinforced by the long run causality running from BL to TD. For MS2, the study verifies a long run causality running from BL and TD to MS2. Therefore, the money supply of Saudi Arabia whether using MS1 or MS2 is endogenous in the long run. The result of short run causality with regard of MS1 using Wald Test does not confirm money supply endogeneity in the short run. Short run causality using Granger with regard to MS2 assures short run causality running from TD and BL to MS2. The implication of this work is that Saudi monetary agency can not control the money supply in the long run. It only has some influence on MS1 in the short run.

scholarly journals Remittance in Niger: effects on economic growth and on migrants’ left behind

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-69
Author(s):  
Issoufou Oumarou
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Living Condition ◽  
Education Expenditure ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Fixed Capital Formation ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The City

Abstract Remittances have long been an important source of revenue for many people in the Republic of Niger. In order to fight poverty, young people choose to migrate. In 2019, a total of 293 million U.S. dollars was sent by migrants to their relatives in Niger; that is 3% of Niger Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The objective of this study is to analyze the effects of remittances on economic growth in Niger and the significance of its contribution in improving the living condition of migrants’ left behind families. The study applies a three-step econometric procedure followed by a survey on the usage of the remittances in the city of Tahoua (Republic of Niger). The study also performed some tests on the residuals for the accuracy of the prediction of the model. The empirical results showed no long run relationship between remittances, economic growth and gross fixed capital formation in Niger. However, in the short-run, the study revealed the existence of causal effect between remittances and economic growth. On the other hand, the results of the conducted survey in the city of Tahoua showed that 45.7% of the received remittance is used in food expenditure, 19.3% in education expenditure, 10.36% in health expenditure and 5.4% is allocated to house rent. The survey also revealed the importance of the remittances for the left behind. It indicates that 14% of the respondent left behind wish to see another family member engage in migration.

scholarly journals Effect of Import Tariff on U.S. Welfare

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deergha Raj Adhikari Ph.D.
Keyword(s):  
Import Price ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Import Tariff ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Welfare Impact ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Correction Technique ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Short Run

Last year, the Trump administration imposed import tariffs of 10 and 25 percent on the import of steel and aluminium respectively. The administration also imposed an additional tariff on more than $200 billion worth of imports from China. In this study, we examine the welfare impact of such tariffs on the U.S. welfare in general. We apply Ju and Krishna’s (2003) sufficient condition for trade reform to be welfare enhancing and test the condition using an import function. The sufficient condition for a trade policy (i.e. the import tariff) to be welfare improving as laid out by them requires that the value of import be higher than that before tariffs when the value of import before and after both are evaluated at post-tariff prices. Based on this condition, we develop an import function, in which the value of U.S. import (IMt) is a function of import price index (IPIt) and U.S. real GDP (URGDPt). If the coefficient associated with IPI turns out to be positive and significant, then we conclude that the rise in import price including that due to the import tariff, will increase the value of import satisfying the sufficient condition for welfare improvement, which leads us to conclude that the import tariff has improved U.S. welfare. We estimated our model using Vector Error Correction technique. In the long run equation, the coefficient associated with the variable 〖IPI〗_(t-1) is found to be negative and significant at 5% significance level, implying that an increase in import price caused by a tariff will lower the value of import in the long run. In the short-run equation, on the other hand, the coefficients associated with the variables 〖ΔIPI〗_(t-1) and 〖ΔIPI〗_(t-2) both turned out to be positive but insignificant, which implies that any tariff-raised increase in import price will have no effect on the value of import in the short run failing to satisfy the sufficient condition. Therefore, we conclude that the import tariff currently imposed by the United States may not improve U.S. welfare and may rather worsen it in the long run.

The Effect of Exchange Rate Volatility on Pakistan’s Bilateral Exports to Major Recipients

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 328-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaista Alam ◽  
Qazi Masood Ahmed ◽  
Muhammad Shahbaz
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Exchange Rate Volatility ◽  
Real Effective Exchange Rate ◽  
Causality Analysis ◽  
External Trade ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Bilateral Exports

The dynamic relationship between bilateral exports demand for Pakistan and exchange rate volatility as well as some selected explanatory variables with six major trading partners’ countries, namely, USA, UK, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Germany and UAE, has been examined during 1982Q1 to 2013Q2. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bound testing approach suggests a stable long-run relationship among selected explanatory variables over the sample period from Pakistan’s bilateral exports to each of its chosen trading partner except Japan. The result suggests that exchange rate volatility adversely affects the demand for Pakistani exports to USA but it positively affects demand for Pakistani exports to Germany in the long run. The short-run causality analysis of ARDL demonstrates that exchange rate volatility causes demand for Pakistani exports in USA and UK adversely, while in case of Germany it causes positively. For Saudi Arabia and UAE, real effective exchange rate volatility does not affect demand for Pakistani exports in the short run as well as in the long run. The study concludes that different export elasticities for different export recipient countries derived in the present study suggest that a single trade policy will not provide a solution to improve country’s external trade sector.

Determinants of environmental degradation in Saudi Arabia: exploring the unexplored

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Tahir ◽  
Arshad Hayat ◽  
Umar Burki
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run

Purpose Environmental degradation is recognized as a serious problem globally, and hence, Saudi Arabia is no exception. This paper aims to focus on the economy of Saudi Arabia to identify the determinants of environmental degradation. Design/methodology/approach Time series data spanning from 1971 to 2014 is used and analyzed using the recently developed autoregressive distributed lag modeling approach. Findings The obtained results reflected that natural resources, per person income and urbanization, have impacted environmental degradation both positively and significantly in the long run. Similarly, an insignificant negative relationship is established between trade openness and environmental degradation. Moreover, energy consumption has positively but insignificantly affected environmental degradation. In the short run, only per capita income has positively influenced environmental degradation while the rest of the variables have lost either significance levels or their direction of relationship has reversed. Originality/value As this is a pioneering study on the economy of Saudi Arabia, therefore, the authors assume that policymakers will find the findings of the current study very useful while formulating and implementing policies to control environmental degradation.

scholarly journals Financial Market Development and Pollution Nexus in Saudi Arabia: Asymmetrical Analysis

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haider Mahmood ◽  
Abdullatif Alrasheed ◽  
Maham Furqan
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Financial Market ◽  
Market Development ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Financial Market Development

The study is aimed to scrutinize the presence of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis in Saudi Arabia by analyzing a period of 1971–2014. Asymmetrical impacts of Financial Market Development (FMD) and energy consumption per capita have also been tested on CO2 emissions per capita. The estimates buoyed the long and short-run relationships in the hypothesized model, and EKC is found to be true in terms of the relationship between income and pollution. Asymmetrical effects of FMD in the long run and asymmetrical effects of energy consumption per capita in the long and short run are presented on the CO2 emissions per capita. A decreasing FMD is found responsible for environmental degradation, and decreasing energy consumption per capita is found helpful in controlling CO2 emissions. The tested effect of the financial crisis is found insignificant on CO2 emissions.

scholarly journals New Evidence of the Effect of Beijing’s Driving Restriction and Other Olympic-Year Policies on Air Pollution

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Liu ◽  
Haiyang Kong
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Chinese Cities ◽  
Driving Restrictions ◽  
Long Run ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Short Run ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The City

AbstractSeven Chinese cities have enacted One-Weekday Limit (OWL) driving restrictions following Beijing’s implementation shortly after the Olympics in 2008. Existing literature examines the short-run effect of the OWL or the long-run effect of the Olympic-year policy package on air pollution in Beijing. Using two difference-in-differences (DD) approaches, this study compares the long-run effect of the Olympic-year policy package with the effect of the OWL. Using the city of Tianjin as a control, this study finds a significant drop in pollution due to the Olympic-year policy package. Using weekends as a control, this study finds a much smaller and less significant drop due to the OWL. These new findings suggest that compared to the OWL, other policies enforced in the Olympic year account for a greater portion of the drop.

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