Rainfall interception in a disturbed montane spruce (Picea abies) stand in the West Tatra Mountains

Biologia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Bartík ◽  
Martin Jančo ◽  
Katarína Střelcová ◽  
Jana Škvareninová ◽  
Jaroslav Škvarenina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Zone ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Canopy Gap ◽  
Spruce Forest ◽  
Tatra Mountains ◽  
The West ◽  
Rainfall Interception ◽  
Open Forest ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Interception Loss

AbstractIn our paper we deal with the changes in the rainfall interception process of a climax spruce forest in the growing season (approximately from May to October) during its die-back. Experimental data were collected at the research plot of Červenec situated in the West Tatras at an elevation of 1,420 m a.s.l. in the years from 2013 to 2015. Net precipitation was monitored at three localities in both living and dead forests: canopy gap, dripping zone at crown periphery and central zone of a crown. Gross precipitation was recorded at an open forest area (with a diameter of 1–2 tree heights). The comparison of net precipitation in the stands revealed the highest values in the dripping zone at crown periphery of the living forest due to its increase by occult (horizontal) precipitation and transport of rainfall captured in the crown to its periphery. The values in the growing season of 2014 exceeded also gross precipitation. The total interception loss (total gross – net precipitation in % of gross precipitation) the canopy gap during the monitored period was 10.1% in the living and 18.3% in the dead stand, in the dripping zone at crown periphery it was 1.7% in the living and 20.5% in the dead stand, and in the central zone of a crown it was 70.6% in the living and 59.9% in the dead stand. Forest die-back had an effect on the distribution of precipitation under canopy. The comparison of mean interception values at three localities of the living and dead stands revealed significant differences between the stands in all cases (

scholarly journals Estimation and testing of linkages between forest structure and rainfall interception characteristics of a Robinia pseudoacacia plantation on China’s Loess Plateau

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changkun Ma ◽  
Yi Luo ◽  
Mingan Shao ◽  
Xiaoxu Jia
Keyword(s):  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Rainfall Interception ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Interception Loss

AbstractUnderstanding the interaction between canopy structure and the parameters of interception loss is essential in predicting the variations in partitioning rainfall and water resources as affected by changes in canopy structure and in implementing water-based management in semiarid forest plantations. In this study, seasonal variations in rainfall interception loss and canopy storage capacity as driven by canopy structure were predicted and the linkages were tested using seasonal filed measurements. The study was conducted in nine 50 m × 50 m Robinia pseudoacacia plots in the semiarid region of China’s Loess Plateau. Gross rainfall, throughfall and stemflow were measured in seasons with and without leaves in 2015 and 2016. Results show that measured average interception loss for the nine plots were 17.9% and 9.4% of gross rainfall during periods with leaves (the growing season) and without leaves, respectively. Average canopy storage capacity estimated using an indirect method was 1.3 mm in the growing season and 0.2 mm in the leafless season. Correlations of relative interception loss and canopy storage capacity to canopy variables were highest for leaf/wood area index (LAI/WAI) and canopy cover, followed by bark area, basal area, tree height and stand density. Combined canopy cover, leaf/wood area index and bark area multiple regression models of interception loss and canopy storage capacity were established for the growing season and in the leafless season in 2015. It explained 97% and 96% of the variations in relative interception loss during seasons with and without leaves, respectively. It also explained 98% and 99% of the variations in canopy storage capacity during seasons with and without leaves, respectively. The empirical regression models were validated using field data collected in 2016. The models satisfactorily predicted relative interception loss and canopy storage capacity during seasons with and without leaves. This study provides greater understanding about the effects of changes in tree canopy structure (e.g., dieback or mortality) on hydrological processes.

scholarly journals Effect of mature spruce forest on canopy interception in subalpine conditions during three growing seasons

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 436-446
Author(s):  
Martin Jančo ◽  
Pavel Mezei ◽  
Andrej Kvas ◽  
Michal Danko ◽  
Patrik Sleziak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Canopy Gap ◽  
Synoptic Situation ◽  
Spruce Forest ◽  
Canopy Interception ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
The North ◽  
Precipitation Total ◽  
Normal Period ◽  
Spruce Stands

Abstract The interception process in subalpine Norway spruce stands plays an important role in the distribution of throughfall. The natural mountain spruce forest where our measurements of throughfall and gross precipitation were carried out, is located on the tree line at an elevation of 1,420 m a.s.l. in the Western Tatra Mountains (Slovakia, Central Europe). This paper presents an evaluation of the interception process in a natural mature spruce stand during the growing season from May to October in 2018–2020. We also analyzed the daily precipitation events within each growing season and assigned to them individual synoptic types. The amount and distribution of precipitation during the growing season plays an important role in the precipitation-interception process, which confirming the evaluation of individual synoptic situations. During the monitored growing seasons, precipitation was normal (2018), sub-normal (2019) and above-normal (2020) in comparison with long-term precipitation (1988–2017). We recorded the highest precipitation in the normal and above-normal precipitation years during the north-eastern cyclonic synoptic situation (NEc). During these two periods, interception showed the lowest values in the dripping zone at the crown periphery, while in the precipitation sub-normal period (2019), the lowest interception was reached by the canopy gap. In the central crown zone near the stem, interception reached the highest value in each growing season. In the evaluated vegetation periods, interception reached values in the range of 19.6–24.1% of gross precipitation total in the canopy gap, 8.3–22.2% in the dripping zone at the crown periphery and 45.7–51.6% in the central crown zone near the stem. These regimes are expected to change in the Western Tatra Mts., as they have been affected by windstorms and insect outbreaks in recent decades. Under disturbance regimes, changes in interception as well as vegetation, at least for some period of time, are unavoidable.

scholarly journals SALT LAKES OF THE WEST KAZAKHSTAN REGION AS OBJECTS OF MEDICAL TOURISM

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (2spl) ◽  
pp. 637-645
Author(s):  
Kazhmurat M. AKHMEDENOV ◽  
◽  
Rysty A. KHALELOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Arid Regions ◽  
Medical Tourism ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Genetic Type ◽  
Salt Lakes ◽  
The West ◽  
Western Kazakhstan ◽  
The Dead ◽  
West Kazakhstan ◽  
Recreational Use

West Kazakhstan region is also rich in unique balneological hydromineral resources. The aim of the study was to review the studied, as well as little-known and promising, salt lakes of West Kazakhstan region, which have hydromineral resources suitable for balneological and recreational use is given. As a result of the field and laboratory researches in 2017-2020, 7 promising balneological sites were studied – the Lakes Bolshoy Sor, the Alzhansor, the Sorkol, the Hakisor, the Aralsor, the Edilbaysor, the Koysarysor. It was established that the studied peloids correspond to the genetic type of mainland silt mineral (sulphide) therapeutic mud typical of arid regions. According to the main indicators, the studied peloids are generally suitable for use in recreational, therapeutic and medical purposes, and in terms of the content of salts and therapeutically valuable components, they are not inferior to the medical mud of the resorts of Western Kazakhstan and the Dead Sea recognized in balneological practice.

scholarly journals Analyses of Land Cover Change Trajectories Leading to Tropical Forest Loss: Illustrated for the West Kutai and Mahakam Ulu Districts, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Land ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carina van der Laan ◽  
Arif Budiman ◽  
Judith Verstegen ◽  
Stefan Dekker ◽  
Wiwin Effendy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Land Cover Change ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Forest Loss ◽  
The West ◽  
East Kalimantan ◽  
Open Forest ◽  
Over Time

In Indonesia, land cover change for agriculture and mining is threatening tropical forests, biodiversity and ecosystem services. However, land cover change is highly dynamic and complex and varies over time and space. In this study, we combined Landsat-based land cover (change) mapping, pixel-to-pixel cross tabulations and expert knowledge to analyze land cover change and forest loss in the West Kutai and Mahakam Ulu districts in East Kalimantan from 1990–2009. We found that about one-third of the study area changed in 1990–2009 and that the different types of land cover changes in the study area increased and involved more diverse and characteristic trajectories in 2000–2009, compared to 1990–2000. Degradation to more open forest types was dominant, and forest was mostly lost due to trajectories that involved deforestation to grasslands and shrubs (~17%), and to a lesser extent due to trajectories from forest to mining and agriculture (11%). Trajectories from forest to small-scale mixed cropland and smallholder rubber occurred more frequently than trajectories to large-scale oil palm or pulpwood plantations; however, the latter increased over time. About 11% of total land cover change involved multiple-step trajectories and thus “intermediate” land cover types. The combined trajectory analysis in this paper thus contributes to a more comprehensive analysis of land cover change and the drivers of forest loss, which is essential to improve future land cover projections and to support spatial planning.

scholarly journals Modeling Rainfall Interception Loss for an Epiphyte-Laden Quercus virginiana Forest Using Reformulated Static- and Variable-Storage Gash Analytical Models

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 1985-1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Van Stan ◽  
Ethan D. Gutmann ◽  
Elliott S. Lewis ◽  
Trent E. Gay
Keyword(s):  
Water Storage ◽  
Barrier Island ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Rainfall Interception ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
Interception Loss

Abstract Barrier island forests are sensitive to changing precipitation characteristics as they typically rely on a precipitation-fed freshwater lens. Understanding and predicting significant rainfall losses is, therefore, critical to the prediction and management of hydrometeorological processes in the barrier island forest ecosystem. This study measures and models one such loss, canopy rainfall interception, for a barrier island forest common across subtropical and tropical coastlines: epiphyte-laden Quercus virginiana on St. Catherine’s Island (Georgia, United States). Reformulated Gash analytical models (RGAMs) relying on static- and variable-canopy-storage formulations were parameterized using common maximum water storage (minimum, mean, maximum, and laboratory submersion) and evaporation (Penman–Monteith, saturated rain–throughfall regression, and rain–interception regression) estimation methods. Cumulative interception loss was 37% of rainfall, and the epiphyte community contribution to interception loss was 11%. Variable-storage RGAMs using inferred evaporation and maximum water storage estimates performed best: mean absolute error of 1–2 mm, normalized mean percent error of 15%–25%, and model efficiency of 0.88–0.97, resulting in a 2%–5% overestimate of cumulative interception. Static- and variable-storage RGAMs using physically derived evaporation (Penman–Monteith) underestimated observed interception loss (40%–60%), yet the error was significantly lowered for submersion estimates of maximum water storage. Greater apparent error when using Penman–Monteith rates may result from unknown drying times, evaporation sources, and/or in situ epiphyte storage dynamics. As such, it is suggested that future research apply existing technologies to quantify evaporative processes during rainfall (e.g., eddy covariance) and to develop new methods to directly monitor in situ epiphyte water storage.

scholarly journals Preliminary Experiment to Assess Rainfall Interception Loss of Cryptomeria japonica Foliage

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 291-297
Author(s):  
Ayako IWAYA ◽  
Shoji NOGUCHI ◽  
Tomonori KANEKO ◽  
Shinji SAWANO
Keyword(s):  
Cryptomeria Japonica ◽  
Rainfall Interception ◽  
Interception Loss

Chinese and Western Biography: A Comparison

1962 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Garraty
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Western World ◽  
The West ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Dead ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Chinese View

These papers throw a great deal of light upon the history of biography. There are a number of striking similarities between Chinese biography and that which developed in the Western world. These similarities, at least until recent times, do not seem to have resulted from any influence of one form upon the other, and thus they serve to illuminate the nature of the form itself. First of all, although the traditional Chinese view of the relation of the individual to society seems to have been quite different from that common in the West, the earliest motives in writing biography were essentially the same. Eulogy, for example—what Nivison calls the “paying of final respect to the dead”—seems to be a universal motive for writing biography. So also does the desire to use the life of a person to teach a lesson—the didactic motive which all three of these papers refer to and which dominated Western biography for centuries. The idea mentioned by Nivison of burying a brief biography along with departed worthies has its parallel in the tomb inscriptions of the Egyptian pharaohs.

The Ru Reinterpretation of Xiao

Early China ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 195-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith N. Knapp
Keyword(s):  
Filial Piety ◽  
The West ◽  
Warring States ◽  
Precise Meaning ◽  
Multiple Meanings ◽  
Western Zhou ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Bureaucratic State

Scholars have often treated the concept of xiao as an unchanging notion with a transparent meaning. In the West, the translation “filial piety” has reinforced this tendency. By endeavoring to ascertain the precise meaning of the term in pre-Qin texts, this paper shows that xiao had multiple meanings and was constantly being reinterpreted to suit new social and political circumstances. In the Western Zhou, it was inti¬mately related to the cult of the dead and its recipients extended well beyond one's parents or grandparents. The ru of the Warring States emphasized that it meant obedience and displaying respect, and made parents the sole recipients of xiao. By the late Warring States, ru recast xiao not only as obedience to one's parents, but also as obedience to one's lord. Filial sons were reinvented as loyal retainers to meet the needs of the newly emerging bureaucratic state.

An analysis of climatic environments for plant-breeding purposes

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
WJR Boyd ◽  
NA Goodchild ◽  
WK Waterhouse ◽  
BB Singh
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Yield Variation ◽  
Selection Strategies ◽  
Marginal Areas ◽  
Highly Correlated

Variations in the regional means of a number of growing-season climatic variables, and combinations of them, are not highly correlated with the long-term regional distribution of mean wheat yields in Western Australia or with their variation between years. The data suggest that the growing season is characterized by a cyclical alternation of favourable and unfavourable conditions for crop growth. This oscillating pattern varies in amplitude and wavelength as a result of unpredictable 'between'- and 'within'-season variation in the regional distribution of rainfall. In the central zone of the study area, wheat production is subject mainly to between-season variation whilst in more marginal areas yield variation is confounded by opposing and reciprocating within-season effects. The consequences for plant breeding are that specific regional environments expected on the basis of climate do not occur predictably in the short term. It is argued that breeding objectives, selection strategies and regional testing should initially avoid complications associated with specific marginal environments by concentrating on general adaptability within the central zone, which monitors between-season variation only. Subsequent evaluation for additional adaptive features specific to marginal areas should be undertaken.

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