The Discovery of the Subatomic Particles : From Atoms to Quarks

The change from the traditional Western and Chinese view of the elements involving materials such as water, air, earth, wood, metal and fire, to the chemical elements making up the periodic table, to atoms, to particles such as protons, neutrons and electrons, and then to quarks was inevitable. The order of discovery of these ideas of the ultimate constituents of matter was necessary, in that they could not have been discovered in any other order. This was because nature has a particular structure and we have a particular place in nature. The traditional view of the elements could be obtained by naked eye observation, and the view of nature as being made up of the chemical elements in the periodic table was next discovered, as it involved the decomposition of traditional elements, such as air and water. This led to the idea there was a separate atom for each element which explained the differences between the elements. The sub atomic particles were discovered in a necessary order with the outer particles like the electron being discovered earlier, and inner particles such as quarks being discovered later. The order of discovery of particles was also affected by the properties of the particles. The charges of particles, their mass and ability to survive outside the particles they make up, and other properties will make a particle harder or easier to discover. The order of discovery is inevitable and set by the structure of the universe. The structure of the universe includes the structure of the atom, and of the particles making up the atom, and the properties of the atom, and of the particles making up the atom.

SYSTEMIC TRANSFORMATIONS AND CHINESE IMAGE OF THE WORLD ORDER: TRANSCENDING GREAT WALL THROUGH NEO-CONFUCIANISM AND TIANXIA SYSTEMS

Relative decline of the United States, rise of the rest, challenges posed by the non-state actors, proliferating violent crises in different regions, unstoppable environmental degradation, and the unabated growth of the populist tendencies are few of the issues transpiring at the system level. This paper tries to dissect this transformation, while also highlighting that how and why is China trying and willing to take on the leading role in the regional and international milieu. How does China view the world and what is the Chines image of the world order? The study elaborates Neo-Confucianism and Tianxia (All under Heaven) systems in order to enlarge upon the Chinese view of the world.

‘Intoxicated, we listened to warblers and swallows chattering in the spring wind’

The affinity between the landscape painter Wu Li and François de Rougemont, a Jesuit missionary based in Changshu, is a rare example of friendship between a Chinese and a European in the seventeenth century. Their encounter, which seemingly resulted in the first Chinese painting partly dedicated to a European, evidences the role of the visual arts as a social lubricant. These arts included engravings imported from the Netherlands, works produced in China, and Sino-European co-productions. Aspects of patronage of Christian art in provincial China of the early Qing period come into closer view as well as, conversely, the Chinese view towards European art. Both men studied each other’s ideological background (respectively Confucianism and Catholicism) and their careful exchange oscillated between transactional strategy, cross-cultural curiosity, and, perhaps, affection.

Multikulturalisme (Toleransi Dalam Pandangan Masyarakat Tionghoa Kota Makassar)

Abstrak[English]: This paper focus on understanding the tolerance that exists in our Chinese ethnic relatives, especially those in Makassar City, which aims to find out the forms of tolerance of the Chinese Ethnic Makassar City. This paper uses a qualitative design approach, where data is obtained from interviews, observations and documents. The Ethnic Chinese view of tolerance is represented in terms of cognitive, affective, and conative. Abstrak[Indonesia]: Tulisan ini memfokuskan diri pada pemahaman toleransi yang ada pada saudara-saudara kita Etnis Tionghoa, khususnya yang ada di Kota Makassar, yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui bentuk toleransi Etnis Tionghoa Kota Makassar. Tulisan ini menggunakan desain pendekatan kualitatif, di mana datanya diperoleh dari wawancara, observasi dan dokumen. Pandangan Etnis Tionghoa mengenai toleransi tergambarkan dari sisi kognitif, afektif, dan konatif.

Strategic Stability in Cyberspace: A Chinese View

As the strategic importance of cyber security increases, the question of how to foster a stable cyber order compatible with the current international order is one of the most urgent issues for the international community. International cyber governance and strategic cyber stability maintenance have thus become two emerging fields in international studies. Generally, there are three states of stability in cyberspace: stable, delicately stable, and unstable. To promote the study of cyber order and enhance rational decision-making, it is necessary to adopt a cyclic perspective and fully explore the transition of cyberspace among the three states. International cyber governance is mainly about managing the cycle of transition of cyberspace and designing robust institutions to prevent instability; in these institutions, international norms, rules, and law will be made as essential guidance for cyber behavior of individual countries. As existing human knowledge and theoretical frameworks are the basis of studies on cyber strategic stability, it is imperative that effective dialogue and joint research among all international stakeholders be conducted on issues of their common concern. This helps to shape the strategic thinking and policy deliberation of individual countries on cyberspace and foster an international order that is conducive to cyber strategic stability.