scholarly journals Reduction of word-final obstruent-liquid-schwa clusters in Parisian French

2018 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Brand ◽  
Mirjam Ernestus
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Modelling ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Reduction Processes ◽  
French Word ◽  
Prosodic Phrase ◽  
Different Types

AbstractThis corpus study investigated pronunciation variants of word-final obstruent-liquid-schwa (OLS) clusters in nouns in casual Parisian French. Results showed that at least one phoneme was absent in 80.7% of the 291 noun tokens in the dataset, and that the whole cluster was absent (e.g., [mis] for ministre) in no less than 15.5% of the tokens. We demonstrate that phonemes are not always completely absent, but that they may leave traces on neighbouring phonemes. Further, the clusters display undocumented voice assimilation patterns. Statistical modelling showed that a phoneme is most likely to be absent if the following phoneme is also absent. The durations of the phonemes are conditioned particularly by the position of the word in the prosodic phrase. We argue, on the basis of three different types of evidence, that in French word-final OLS clusters, the absence of obstruents is mainly due to gradient reduction processes, whereas the absence of schwa and liquids may also be due to categorical deletion processes.

scholarly journals Optimization Issues of a Hammer Mill Working Process Using Statistical Modelling

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 973
Author(s):  
Gigel Paraschiv ◽  
Georgiana Moiceanu ◽  
Gheorghe Voicu ◽  
Mihai Chitoiu ◽  
Petru Cardei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Statistical Modelling ◽  
Hammer Mill ◽  
Objective Functions ◽  
Working Process ◽  
Rotor Spinning ◽  
Milled Material ◽  
Different Types

Our paper presents the hammer mill working process optimization problem destined for milling energetic biomass (MiscanthusGiganteus and Salix Viminalis). For the study, functional and constructive parameters of the hammer mill were taken into consideration in order to reduce the specific energy consumption. The energy consumption dependency on the mill rotor spinning frequency and on the sieve orifices in use, as well as on the material feeding flow, in correlation with the vegetal biomass milling degree was the focus of the analysis. For obtaining this the hammer mill was successively equipped with 4 different types of hammers that grind the energetic biomass, which had a certain humidity content and an initial degree of reduction ratio of the material. In order to start the optimization process of hammer mill working process, 12 parameters were defined. The objective functions which minimize hammer mill energy consumption and maximize the milled material percentage with a certain specific granulation were established. The results obtained can serve as the basis for choosing the optimal working, constructive, and functional parameters of hammer mills in this field, and for a better design of future hammer mills.

scholarly journals On the different interpretations of sentence-initial ainsi ‘so’ and the competition between three types of Verb–Subject order

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
Lena Karssenberg ◽  
Karen Lahousse
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Study ◽  
Discourse Context ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Manner Adverb ◽  
Preceding Discourse

Abstract This article is about different types of Subject–Verb inversion (nominal, pronominal, and complex inversion) in sentences introduced by ainsi ‘so, in this way’. We first make a distinction between four main interpretations: manner adverb ainsi, quotative ainsi, consecutive ainsi (expressing either an intentional or an unintentional consequence), and illustrative ainsi. On the basis of a corpus study, we show that nominal inversion often (but not always) combines with the manner interpretation, whereas the predominant function of ainsi + pronominal/complex inversion is to introduce an example or a consequence of the preceding discourse context. The data also contribute to the debate about the grammaticalization path of ainsi. Firstly, the unintentional consequence interpretation is argued to be a “bridging context” between manner and unintentional consequence. Secondly, given the preponderance of the illustrative interpretation, we argue that this under-researched interpretation be taken up in future diachronic and synchronic analyses of ainsi and its cross-linguistic counterparts.

A corpus study of kasama ‘companion’ in Tagalog

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-298
Author(s):  
Sergei Klimenko
Keyword(s):  
Main Clause ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Adverbial Clauses ◽  
Semantic Distinction

Abstract This paper presents a corpus-based study of a number of different types of previously undescribed constructions formed with the Tagalog noun kasama ‘companion’. Apart from independent and attributive uses, kasama frequently occurs as the predicate of an adjunct clause that can introduce a comitative participant, a semantically depictive secondary predicate, an event-oriented adjunct, or a predicative complement. The study analyses the frequency of kasama in all of these types of constructions and looks into their specific properties. This includes: the semantic distinction between additive and inclusory constructions with kasama; animacy agreement between arguments of kasama in additive constructions; variation in case marking of arguments of kasama; the preponderance of the absence of linkers – commonly known to introduce adverbial clauses in Tagalog – which are used to attach the kasama clause to the main clause; attested controllers of the kasama clause; positions available for the kasama clause in the sentence. Variation in case marking and compatibility with linkers suggests a classification of Tagalog adjunct clauses similar to that of Tagalog adverbials and prepositions. There is also some evidence to believe that kasama is being grammaticalized as a preposition. Comitative and semantically depictive constructions with kasama, which account for a quarter of the corpus sample, have never been studied before, despite the fact that Tagalog is included in several typological studies on comitative and depictive constructions.

Predicting matches in international football tournaments with random forests

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 460-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunther Schauberger ◽  
Andreas Groll
Keyword(s):  
Random Forests ◽  
Statistical Models ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Statistical Modelling ◽  
World Cup ◽  
Fifa World Cup ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Covariate Information ◽  
Different Types

Many approaches that analyse and predict results of international matches in football are based on statistical models incorporating several potentially influential covariates with respect to a national team's success, such as the bookmakers’ ratings or the FIFA ranking. Based on all matches from the four previous FIFA World Cups 2002–2014, we compare the most common regression models that are based on the teams’ covariate information with regard to their predictive performances with an alternative modelling class, the so-called random forests. Random forests can be seen as a mixture between machine learning and statistical modelling and are known for their high predictive power. Here, we consider two different types of random forests depending on the choice of response. One type of random forests predicts the precise numbers of goals, while the other type considers the three match outcomes—win, draw and loss—using special algorithms for ordinal responses. To account for the specific data structure of football matches, in particular at FIFA World Cups, the random forest methods are slightly altered compared to their standard versions and adapted to the specific needs of the application to FIFA World Cup data.

Completeness of cancer registry data in a small Iranian province: A capture–recapture approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Fararouei ◽  
Maryam Marzban ◽  
Gholamhossein Shahraki
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Registry ◽  
Statistical Modelling ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Registry Data ◽  
Cancer Dataset ◽  
Cancer Registry Data ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Capture Recapture ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
Adjusted Incidence

Background and Objective: The incidence of cancer is rising in Iran, and hence it is important to assess the accuracy of the Iranian cancer registry dataset. In this study, the completeness of the cancer registry in the Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad (K&B) province is evaluated. Method: The data of registered cases of cancer of people who were living in the K&B province at the time of diagnosis were obtained from the provincial cancer registry offices in K&B, Fars and all other neighbouring provinces. A capture–recapture method along with log-linear statistical modelling were used for analysis. Results: The results indicated that of 2029 known cases of cancer, only 1400 (31%) were registered by the K&B cancer registry office. Age-adjusted incidence rates for all common types of cancer rose from 307.0 per 100,000 (95% confidence interval (CI); 293.8, 320.3, based on observed cases) to 376.4 per 100,000 (95% CI; 361.7, 391.1, based on expected number of cases estimated by capture–recapture analysis) ( p < 0.01). The completeness of cancer registry data varied significantly for different types of cancer. Conclusion: Results suggest that the provincial cancer dataset, which is a part of the national cancer registry programme, is neither complete nor representative. A major improvement in case finding, registry procedures and effective data sharing by provincial cancer registry offices is needed in order to provide valid data for epidemiology of cancer in Iran.

Children's ability to answer different types of questions

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 469-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
DOROTHÉ SALOMO ◽  
ELENA LIEVEN ◽  
MICHAEL TOMASELLO
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Direct Object ◽  
Single Element ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Focus Questions

ABSTRACTYoung children answer many questions every day. The extent to which they do this in an adult-like way – following Grice's Maxim of Quantity by providing the requested information, no more no less – has been studied very little. In an experiment, we found that two-, three- and four-year-old children are quite skilled at answering argument-focus questions and predicate-focus questions with intransitives in which their response requires only a single element. But predicate-focus questions for transitives – requiring both the predicate and the direct object – are difficult for children below four years of age. Even more difficult for children this young are sentence-focus questions such as “What's happening?”, which give the child no anchor in given information around which to structure their answer. In addition, in a corpus study, we found that parents ask their children predicate-focus and sentence-focus questions very infrequently, thus giving children little experience with them.

scholarly journals Managing information flow through prosody in it-clefts

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-511
Author(s):  
CHARLOTTE BOURGOIN ◽  
GERARD O'GRADY ◽  
KRISTIN DAVIDSE
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Information Flow ◽  
Relative Clause ◽  
Pitch Accent ◽  
Informational Needs ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Flow Through

This article addresses the question of how speakers manage information flow in specificational it-clefts by balancing grammatical and prosodic choices in real time. We examine this in a qualitative and quantitative corpus study of both full and reduced it-clefts extracted from the first London–Lund Corpus (LLC–1), whose prosody we studied combining auditory and instrumental analysis. Our empirical analysis resulted in the following findings about cleft usage in speech. Speakers have considerable freedom to choose what information to make prominent irrespective of the actual discourse-givenness of the constituents. Clefts allow speakers to highlight elements by means of two strategies, syntactic and prosodic, which may reinforce each other or create their own different types of prominence in sequence. It-clefts always have a high first pitch accent, which signals some form of reset of the expectations generated by preceding utterances. The choice of whether or not to produce a cleft relative clause is not purely informationally motivated. Rather, reduced clefts achieve specific unique rhetorical effects. All of this makes clefts a particularly useful device for speakers responding moment by moment to informational needs and shifting communicative goals.

scholarly journals Mood Alternations in Old High German Subordinate Clauses

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Coniglio ◽  
Roland Hinterhölzl ◽  
Svetlana Petrova
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Subordinate Clause ◽  
Syntactic Analysis ◽  
Old High German ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Modern Greek ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Different Types

In this paper, Old High German mood alternations in the different types of subordinate clauses (complement, adverbial and relative clauses) are discussed. The use of the subjunctive in subordinate clauses is notoriously more frequent than in Modern German and has not yet been thoroughly investigated. Based on a comprehensive corpus study, the paper will show that the licensing conditions for the subjunctive in Old High German are determined by notions such as veridicality and – in relative contexts – specificity. These conditions are thus similar (but not always identical) to those observed for Modern Greek and Romance languages. Furthermore, a syntactic analysis is provided in order to account for the licensing of the subjunctive in each type of subordinate clause.

scholarly journals YELLOWNESS IS A THREAT TO NEWBORN - A REVIEW

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Manoj Jena ◽  
Shekhar Mohapatra S ◽  
Anshurekha Dash
Keyword(s):  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Bitter Taste ◽  
The Body ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
French Word ◽  
Slow Pulse ◽  
Medical Term ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Loss Of Appetite ◽  
Urine Loss

 Jaundice is a very well-known disease found worldwide. Jaundice comes from the French word “Jaune” - which means yellow. In medical term, jaundice is known as icterus which is a Greek word. This is a very common disease in the population, which causes the yellowish or greenish pigmentation in the skin and whiteness in the eyes. This is a condition of hyperbilirubinemia in which the amount of bilirubin increases in the blood. In this case, the high amount of bilirubin is found in blood, and the disruption of the movement of bilirubin into the liver and out of the body causes jaundice. Different symptoms seen in this case are yellow skin, yellow/white eyes, dark or reddish urine, loss of appetite, bitter taste of tongue, pale faces, nausea, itching in skin, anfd slow pulse rate. Jaundice may be mild to severe. Different types of jaundice are seen like normal jaundice in newborn, hepatic jaundice, and post-hepatic Jaundice.

scholarly journals Extending Statistical Boosting

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (06) ◽  
pp. 428-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Binder ◽  
O. Gefeller ◽  
M. Schmid ◽  
A. Mayr
Keyword(s):  
Variable Selection ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Statistical Models ◽  
Statistical Modelling ◽  
Gradient Boosting ◽  
Model Choice ◽  
Unified Framework ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Boosting Algorithms ◽  
Substantial Interest

SummaryBackground: Boosting algorithms to simultaneously estimate and select predictor effects in statistical models have gained substantial interest during the last decade.Objectives: This review highlights recent methodological developments regarding boosting algorithms for statistical modelling especially focusing on topics relevant for biomedical research.Methods: We suggest a unified framework for gradient boosting and likelihood-based boosting (statistical boosting) which have been addressed separately in the literature up to now.Results: The methodological developments on statistical boosting during the last ten years can be grouped into three different lines of research: i) efforts to ensure variable selection leading to sparser models, ii) developments regarding different types of predictor effects and how to choose them, iii) approaches to extend the statistical boosting framework to new regression settings.Conclusions: Statistical boosting algorithms have been adapted to carry out unbiased variable selection and automated model choice during the fitting process and can nowadays be applied in almost any regression setting in combination with a large amount of different types of predictor effects.

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