Incorporating the multi-level nature of the constructicon into hypothesis testing

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Pijpops ◽  
Dirk Speelman ◽  
Freek Van de Velde ◽  
Stefan Grondelaers
Keyword(s):  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Language Variation ◽  
Construction Grammar ◽  
Intermediate Level ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Testing Hypotheses ◽  
Corpus Studies ◽  
Multi Level

Abstract Construction grammar organizes its basic elements of description, its constructions, into networks that range from concrete, lexically-filled constructions to fully schematic ones, with several levels of partially schematic constructions in between. However, only few corpus studies with a constructionist background take this multi-level nature fully into account. In this paper, we argue that understanding language variation can be advanced considerably by systematically formulating and testing hypotheses at various levels in the constructional network. To illustrate the approach, we present a corpus study of the Dutch naar-alternation. It is found that this alternation primarily functions at an intermediate level in the constructional network.

scholarly journals The Preregistration Revolution

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Nosek ◽  
Charles R. Ebersole ◽  
Alexander Carl DeHaven ◽  
David Thomas Mellor
Keyword(s):  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Hindsight Bias ◽  
Hypothesis Generation ◽  
Human Reasoning ◽  
Effective Solution ◽  
Testing Hypotheses ◽  
Research Outcomes ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Ideal

Progress in science relies on generating hypotheses with existing observations and testing hypotheses with new observations. This distinction between postdiction and prediction is appreciated conceptually, but is not respected in practice. Mistaking generation of postdictions with testing of predictions reduces the credibility of research findings. However, ordinary biases in human reasoning such as hindsight bias make it hard to avoid this mistake. An effective solution is to define the research questions and analysis plan prior to observing the research outcomes--a process called preregistration. A variety of practical strategies are available to make the best possible use of preregistration in circumstances that fall short of the ideal application, such as when the data are pre-existing. Services are now available for preregistration across all disciplines facilitating a rapid increase in the practice. Widespread adoption of preregistration will increase distinctiveness between hypothesis generation and hypothesis testing and will improve the credibility of research findings.

Punctuation and syntactic structure in obwohl and weil clauses in nonstandard written German

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Schäfer ◽  
Ulrike Sayatz
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Corpus Analysis ◽  
Verb Second ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Corpus Studies ◽  
Constituent Order ◽  
Insight Into

In this paper, we analyze written sentences containing the German particles obwohl (“although”) and weil (“because”). In standard written German, these particles embed clauses in verb-last constituent order, which is characteristic of subordinated clauses. In spoken and – as we show – nonstandard written German, they embed clauses in verb-second constituent order, which is characteristic of independent sentences. Our usage-based approach to the syntax – graphemics interface includes a large-scale corpus analysis of the patterns of punctuation in the nonstandard variants that provides clues to the syntactic structure and degree of sentential independence of the nonstandard variants. Our corpus study confirms and refines hypotheses from existing theoretical approaches by clearly showing that writers mark obwohl clauses with verb-second order systematically as independent sentences, whereas weil clauses with verb-second order are much less strongly marked as independent. This work suggests that similar corpus studies could provide deeper insight into the interplay between syntax and graphemics.

/p/-driven geminate devoicing in Japanese: Corpus and experimental evidence

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeto Kawahara ◽  
Shin-ichiro Sano
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Theoretical Modeling ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Task Effects ◽  
Corpus Studies ◽  
Objective Evidence ◽  
Corpus Data

AbstractIn Japanese loanwords, voiced geminates can be devoiced in the presence of another voiced obstruent (e.g., /doggu/ → /dokku/ ‘dog’). This devoicing pattern has been studied extensively in the recent phonological literature in terms of theoretical modeling as well as from the perspective of experimentation and corpus studies. Less well-known is the observation that /p/ may cause devoicing of geminates as well (e.g., /piramiddo/ → /piramitto/ ‘pyramid’), although to date no objective evidence has been offered to confirm this observation. The current study thus attempts to test this observation objectively by way of a corpus study and two phonological judgment experiments. The results generally support the idea that /p/ can cause devoicing of geminates in Japanese loanwords; in other words, /p/ may trigger Lyman’s Law in causing devoicing of geminates. In addition to this descriptive discovery, throughout the paper we discuss intriguing task effects in phonological experimentation, by comparing the corpus data and the results of the two judgment experiments. Although our aim is primarily descriptive, we offer some analytical possibilities for the /p/-driven devoicing of geminates at the end of the paper.

scholarly journals The Old Englishto-dative construction

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUDOVIC DE CUYPERE
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Linguistic Variables ◽  
Semantic Change ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Dative Alternation ◽  
Corpus Studies ◽  
Multifactorial Approach

In Present-day English (PDE), theto-dative construction refers to clauses likeJohn sold/offered/mentioned/gave the books to Mary, in which a ditransitive verb takes a Recipient that is expressed as ato-Prepositional Phrase (to-PP). This study examines theto-dative construction in Old English (OE). I show, first of all, that this construction was not rare in OE, in contrast to what has been suggested in the literature. Second, I report on two corpus studies in which I examined the ordering behaviour of the NP and theto-PP. The results of the first study suggest that the same ordering tendencies already existed in OE as in PDE: both the NP-to-PP and theto-PP-NP orders were grammatical, but the NP-to-PP was the most frequently used one. However, in OE, theto-PP-NP was more common than in PDE, where its use is heavily restricted. My second corpus study is informed by the multifactorial approach to the English dative alternation and uses a mixed-effects logistic regression analysis to evaluate the effects of various linguistic (verbal semantics, pronominality, animacy, definiteness, number, person and length) and extra-linguistic variables (translation status, time of completion/manuscript) on the ordering of NP andto-PP. The main finding is that, generally speaking, the same factors that motivate the dative alternation in PDE were involved in OE as well. No evidence was found for the influence of verbal semantics nor of the extra-linguistic variables. Finally, I argue against the view thattowas semantically reanalysed from a Goal to a Recipient marker from OE to ME. Building on evidence that the Recipient use oftowas already embryonically present in OE, I make the case that this semantic change was far more gradual than traditionally assumed.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Effectiveness of Learning in the Use of Learning Modules Against Student Learning Outcomes

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rika Rahmawati ◽  
Fitria Lestari ◽  
Rofiqul Umam
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Mathematics Learning ◽  
Student Learning Outcomes ◽  
Test Technique ◽  
Testing Hypotheses ◽  
Learning Modules ◽  
Data Collection Technique ◽  
Statistical Formula

At present there are still students who have difficulty in learning, due to limited learning resources. One effort that can be done is the use of modules in learning. Modules are printed teaching materials designed to be studied independently by learning participants. This study aims to determine the effect of the use of modules on the learning outcomes of students in MTs Hasanuddin Teluk Betung. Through the analysis of diffrences in the average of mathematics learning outcomes between those who used modules and those who did not use modules. The method used in this study is experiments with quantitative exploratory levels. The basic data collection technique uses a test technique that is to determine students learning outcomes. Testing hypotheses by using the t-test statistical formula. Based on the results of hypothesis testing it was concluded that the average mathematics learning outcomes of students using modules were higher than students who did not use the module.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Kepemimpinan, Motivasi Kerja dan Komunikasi Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Melalui Kepuasan Kerja

MBIA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-58
Author(s):  
Estiningsih Estiningsih
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Employee Performance ◽  
Work Satisfaction ◽  
Quantitative Approach ◽  
Research Model ◽  
Leadership Communication ◽  
Testing Hypotheses ◽  
Causality Relationship

This study includes explanatory namely a study model to find and explain causal relationships between variables through testing hypotheses that use a quantitative approach with qualitative analysis which intends to explain the causality relationship between variables through hypothesis testing and analysis of the research variables. By testing the influence between variables related to Leadership, Communication, Employee Performance and Job Satisfaction.The results of the study that the effect of variable job satisfaction (Y1) is influenced by leadership (X1), motivation (X2) and communication (X3) together by 42.9% while the remaining 57.1% is influenced by other variables outside this research model. While the effect of variable employee performance (Y2) is influenced by leadership (X1), motivation (X2), communication (X3) and work satisfaction (Y1) together by 45% while the remaining 55% is influenced by other variables outside this research model.

Slovak comparative correlatives

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-229
Author(s):  
Jakob Horsch
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Construction Grammar ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Universal Applicability

Abstract Comparative Correlatives (CCs) are biclausal constructions (e.g. The harder you work, the more you earn) that have complex semantics and form. This is the first construction grammar-based corpus study to investigate Slovak CCs, based on a 500-token sample. I argue that intra-clausal word-order phenomena can be explained through processing efficiency, based on Hawkins’ principle of Early Immediate Constituents (2004), and I use covarying-collexeme analysis (Stefanowitsch & Gries 2005) to provide evidence for the existence of meso-constructions. The findings of this study contribute to construction grammar’s “aspirations toward universal applicability” (Fried 2017: 249), proving that the theory is also suitable for analysis of syntactic patterns in Slavic languages.

Linguistic Categorization and Hypothesis Testing in a Simple Concept-Identification Task

1974 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 803-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. E. Harpur
Keyword(s):  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Concept Identification ◽  
Identification Performance ◽  
Identification Task ◽  
Testing Hypotheses ◽  
Linguistic Structure ◽  
Simple Concept ◽  
Linguistic Patterns ◽  
Linguistic Categorization

An attempt was made to determine the degree of relationship between 48 Ss' verbal descriptions of three-dimensional, binary-valued stimuli, and the linguistic structure present in the hypothesis-testing sequences when these Ss were presented with the same stimuli in a simple concept-identification task. It was observed that Ss manifested a type of “gambler's fallacy” when testing hypotheses in such situations, and that this imposes a structure on Ss concept-identification performance which, to a large extent, obscures the linguistic patterns which were observed to occur.

scholarly journals An Association Rule General Analytic System (ARGAS) for hypothesis testing and data mining applications

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick Parente
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Association Rule ◽  
General Linear Model ◽  
Experimental Designs ◽  
General Linear ◽  
Testing Hypotheses ◽  
Alternative Method

<div>The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of an Association Rule General Analytic System (ARGAS) versus the General Linear Model (GLM) for hypothesis testing. Results indicate that the ARGAS provides an better alternative method for testing hypotheses when the assumptions of the GLM are violated. The ARGAS approach can be used with any experimental design to which the GLM can be applied. ARGAS is free of the usual assumptions of the GLM. A second purpose of the study was to illustrate how the ARGAS can be used for hypothesis testing with commonly used experimental designs.</div><div><br></div><div> </div>

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