Environment-assisted corrosion damage of steel bridges: a conceptual framework for structural integrity

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-65
Author(s):  
Nirosha D. Adasooriya ◽  
Tor Hemmingsen ◽  
Dimitrios Pavlou
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Corrosion Damage ◽  
Steel Bridges ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Steel Bridge ◽  
St52 Steel ◽  
Corrosion Of Steel ◽  
And Control

AbstractA framework is presented in this paper to assess the structural integrity of steel bridges for environment-assisted corrosion damage. Forms of corrosion of steel bridges and their effects, possible locations of occurrence, and most appropriate inspection techniques are first studied and the lessons learned from past steel bridge failures are discussed. A review of the corrosion damage of steel bridges, including causes, effects, and control measures, is presented along with guidelines for the recognition and investigation of environment-assisted cracking (EAC) of steel bridges. Experimental approaches are proposed to investigate the EAC of structural steel. The proposed approach is used to investigate the EAC susceptibility of cathodically protected ST52 steel. In addition, the feasibility of the proposed approach is tested. Hence, the conceptual framework is proposed. The framework aims to support the inspection and maintenance practices of steel bridges.

scholarly journals Using evidence to inform response to the 2017 plague outbreak in Madagascar: a view from the WHO African Regional Office

2018 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Heitzinger ◽  
B. Impouma ◽  
B. L. Farham ◽  
E. L. Hamblion ◽  
C. Lukoya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
African Region ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Regional Office ◽  
Effective Dissemination ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Dissemination Of Results ◽  
And Control ◽  
Country Office

Abstract The 2017 plague outbreak in Madagascar was unprecedented in the African region, resulting in 2417 cases (498 confirmed, 793 probable and 1126 suspected) and 209 deaths by the end of the acute urban pneumonic phase of the outbreak. The Health Emergencies Programme of the WHO Regional Office for Africa together with the WHO Country Office and WHO Headquarters assisted the Ministry of Public Health of Madagascar in the rapid implementation of plague prevention and control measures while collecting and analysing quantitative and qualitative data to inform immediate interventions. We document the key findings of the evidence available to date and actions taken as a result. Based on the four goals of operational research – effective dissemination of results, peer-reviewed publication, changes to policy and practice and improvements in programme performance and health – we evaluate the use of evidence to inform response to the outbreak and describe lessons learned for future outbreak responses in the WHO African region. This article may not be reprinted or reused in any way in order to promote any commercial products or services.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of a Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreak Control Programme in Thailand 2008–2015: Case Studies and Lessons Learned

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terdsak Yano ◽  
Sith Premashthira ◽  
Tosapol Dejyong ◽  
Sahatchai Tangtrongsup ◽  
Mo D. Salman
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Animal Movement ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
And Control

Three Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) outbreaks in northern Thailand that occurred during the implementation of the national FMD strategic plan in 2008–2015 are described to illustrate the lessons learned and to improve the prevention and control of future outbreaks. In 2008, during a FMD outbreak on a dairy farm, milk delivery was banned for 30 days. This was a part of movement management, a key strategy for FMD control in dairy farms in the area. In 2009, more than half the animals on a pig farm were affected by FMD. Animal quarantine and restricted animal movement played a key role in preventing the spread of FMD. In 2010, FMD infection was reported in a captive elephant. The suspected source of virus was a FMD-infected cow on the same premises. The infected elephant was moved to an elephant hospital that was located in a different province before the diagnosis was confirmed. FMD education was given to elephant veterinarians to promote FMD prevention and control strategies in this unique species. These three cases illustrate how differences in outbreak circumstances and species require the implementation of a variety of different FMD control and prevention measures. Control measures and responses should be customized in different outbreak situations.

scholarly journals The first community outbreak of COVID-19 in Viet Nam: description and lessons learned

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-50
Author(s):  
Duong Nhu Tran ◽  
Quynh Mai Thi Le ◽  
Hien Tran Nguyen ◽  
Nghia Duy Ngu ◽  
Khoa Trong Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Viet Nam ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Nonpharmaceutical Interventions ◽  
And Control

Objective: At the time of this study, the prevention of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) relied solely on nonpharmaceutical interventions. Implementation of these interventions is not always optimal and, consequently, several cases were imported into non-epidemic areas and led to large community outbreaks. This report describes the characteristics of the first community outbreak of COVID-19 in Viet Nam and the intensive preventive measures taken in response. Methods: Cases were detected and tested for SARS-CoV-2 by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Contact tracing and active surveillance were conducted to identify suspected cases and individuals at risk. Clinical symptoms were recorded using a standardized questionnaire. Results: In Vinh Phuc province from 20 January to 3 March 2020, there were 11 confirmed cases among 158 suspected cases and 663 contacts. Nine of the confirmed cases (81.8%) had mild symptoms at the time of detection and two (18.2%) were asymptomatic; none required admission to an intensive care unit. Five prevention and control measures were implemented, including quarantining a community of 10 645 individuals for 20 days. The outbreak was successfully contained as of 13 February 2020. Discussion: In the absence of specific interventions, the intensive use of combined preventive measures can mitigate the spread of COVID-19. The lessons learned may be useful for other communities.

scholarly journals Overcoming Current and Preventing Future Nosocomial Outbreaks during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned at Three Hospitals in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 10226
Author(s):  
Makiko Komasawa ◽  
Myo Nyein Aung ◽  
Kiyoko Saito ◽  
Mitsuo Isono ◽  
Go Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Health Care Delivery Systems ◽  
And Control

Hospitals are increasingly challenged by nosocomial infection (NI) outbreaks during the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Although standardized guidelines and manuals regarding infection prevention and control (IPC) measures are available worldwide, case-studies conducted at specified hospitals that are required to cope with real settings are limited. In this study, we analyzed three hospitals in Japan where large-scale NI outbreaks occurred for hints on how to prevent NI outbreaks. We reviewed openly available information from each hospital and analyzed it applying a three domain framework: operation management; identification of infection status; and infection control measures. We learned that despite having authorized infection control teams and using existing standardized IPC measures, SARS-CoV-2 may still enter hospitals. Early detection of suspected cases and confirmation by PCR test, carefully dealing with staff-to-staff transmission were the most essential factors to prevent NI outbreaks. It was also suggested that ordinary training on IPC for staff does not always provide enough practical knowledge and skills; in such cases external technical and operational supports are crucial. It is expected that our results will provide insights into preventing NI outbreaks of COVID-19, and contribute to mitigate the damage to health care delivery systems in various countries.

scholarly journals The influence of exposed to corrosion length of rebars on fatigue life of RC elements

2021 ◽  
Vol 349 ◽  
pp. 02013
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Koulouris ◽  
Maria Basdeki ◽  
Charis Apostolopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Corrosion Damage ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Fatigue Lifetime ◽  
Accelerated Corrosion ◽  
Corrosion Of Steel ◽  
Main Factor

Deterioration of reinforced concrete is a main factor on estimation of structures' service lifetime. As it is well known, both corrosion of steel reinforcement and earthquake events, have detrimental effects on structural integrity of RC elements. In this study, the fatigue life of corroded reinforcement is investigated. Bare and embedded (in concrete) specimens of rebars are tested in low cycle fatigue conditions after accelerated corrosion experiments using impressed current technique. Corrosion damage, in terms of mass loss, and the mechanical tests of fatigue are taken account in function of the exposed to corrosion length of reinforcement. The outcomes attained from the experimental study indicate higher mass loss values of specimens with short exposed to corrosion length than the corresponding mass loss values of specimens with long exposed to corrosion length at the same tested corrosion time; subsequently resulting in their reduced fatigue lifetime. Extrapolating the abovementioned results on RC elements in marine environment located in seismic prone areas, issues are raised concerning the assessment of structural integrity and the parameters which are taken into account on monitoring of high importance structures.

scholarly journals Environment-assisted fatigue of steel bridges: A conceptual framework for life assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 1201 (1) ◽  
pp. 012045
Author(s):  
J S S Sandviknes ◽  
N D Adasooriya ◽  
D Pavlou ◽  
T Hemmingsen
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Steel Bridges ◽  
Life Assessment ◽  
Steel Bridge ◽  
Corrosive Environment ◽  
Railway Bridge ◽  
Strength Curve ◽  
The Difference

Abstract This paper presents a framework based on a recently proposed fatigue strength curve of corroded steel to assess the life of an existing steel bridge exposed to environment-assisted fatigue. Environment-assisted cracking (EAC) and how it affects the structural integrity of steel bridges are introduced by the framework. Determination of both corroded and uncorroded details in a corrosive environment are also included in this framework. To conform the applicability and significance, a fatigue life of a railway bridge was assessed by methods given in the framework. The obtained fatigue lives were compared. The difference of the estimated fatigue lives emphasizes the importance of having this framework to consider the interaction of corrosion and fatigue mechanisms.

Influenza A (H3) Outbreak at a Hurricane Harvey Megashelter in Harris County, Texas: Successes and Challenges in Disease Identification and Control Measure Implementation

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leann Liu ◽  
Aisha Haynie ◽  
Sherry Jin ◽  
Ana Zangeneh ◽  
Eric Bakota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Harris County ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
Disease Identification ◽  
Surveillance And Response ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACTWhen Hurricane Harvey landed along the Texas coast on August 25, 2017, it caused massive flooding and damage and displaced tens of thousands of residents of Harris County, Texas. Between August 29 and September 23, Harris County, along with community partners, operated a megashelter at NRG Center, which housed 3365 residents at its peak. Harris County Public Health conducted comprehensive public health surveillance and response at NRG, which comprised disease identification through daily medical record reviews, nightly “cot-to-cot” resident health surveys, and epidemiological consultations; messaging and communications; and implementation of control measures including stringent isolation and hygiene practices, vaccinations, and treatment. Despite the lengthy operation at the densely populated shelter, an early seasonal influenza A (H3) outbreak of 20 cases was quickly identified and confined. Influenza outbreaks in large evacuation shelters after a disaster pose a significant threat to populations already experiencing severe stressors. A holistic surveillance and response model, which consists of coordinated partnerships with onsite agencies, in-time epidemiological consultations, predesigned survey tools, trained staff, enhanced isolation and hygiene practices, and sufficient vaccines, is essential for effective disease identification and control. The lessons learned and successes achieved from this outbreak may serve for future disaster response settings. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:97-101)

scholarly journals Reflections on the Cluster Epidemic of COVID-19; Lessons Learned from Wuhan’s Experience: A Brief Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quan ZHOU ◽  
Sufang HUANG ◽  
Yaru XIAO ◽  
Miqi LI ◽  
Zhiran GUO
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Local Health Authorities ◽  
And Control

At present, new coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) is circulating worldwide. The pathogen of this coronavirus pneumonia is named SARS-CoV-2. The virus has a long incubation period and is highly contagious. There is currently no specific targeted drug treatment. The focus of anti-epidemic work should be more on prevention and control while cutting off the virus transmission route while treating infected patients, and protecting healthy people. In order to protect the safety and health of the Chinese citizens and to maintain the safety of world public health, the Chinese government and people have made unprecedented efforts to control the epidemic. Many people in the international community have joined in limiting the spread of COVID-19. This article combines the development of COVID-19 epidemic situation in Wuhan, the relevant prevention and control measures of the Wuhan government and local health authorities to share Wuhan’s experience on control the cluster epidemic and provide new suggestions and ideas for epidemic prevention and control.

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