New approach for assigning mean oxidation number of carbons to organonitrogen and organosulfur compounds

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pong Kau Yuen ◽  
Cheng Man Diana Lau
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
Organosulfur Compounds ◽  
Oxidation Number ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Nitrogen Bonds ◽  
Redox Conversion

Abstract Organonitrogen and organosulfur compounds are abundant in the natural environment. To understand the biological redox pathways properly, it is important for learners to be able to count the oxidation number of organic carbons. However, the process of counting is not always easy. In addition, organonitrogen and organosulfur molecules are seldom studied. To compensate these problems, this paper explores the bond-dividing method, which can effectively determine the mean oxidation number of carbons of organonitrogen and organosulfur molecules. This method uses the cleavage of carbon-sulfur and carbon-nitrogen bonds to obtain the organic and inorganic fragments. The mean oxidation numbers of carbon atoms, nitrogen atoms, and sulfur atoms can be calculated by the molecular formulas of their fragments. Furthermore, when comparing organosulfur or organonitrogen molecules in a redox conversion, the changes of the mean oxidation numbers of carbon atoms, nitrogen atoms, and sulfur atoms can be used as indicators to identify the redox positions and determine the number of transferred electrons.

A new simpler approach to measure the strength of toe plantar flexion requiring no mechanical restraint with a light-weight device

2021 ◽  
pp. 095441192110029
Author(s):  
Yuko Komuro ◽  
Yuji Ohta
Keyword(s):  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Simple Approach ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Mechanical Restraint ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ankle Joints ◽  
The Mean

Conventionally, the strength of toe plantar flexion (STPF) is measured in a seated position, in which not only the target toe joints but also the knee and particularly ankle joints, are usually restrained. We have developed an approach for the measurement of STPF which does not involve restraint and considers the interactions of adjacent joints of the lower extremities. This study aimed to evaluate this new approach and comparing with the seated approach. A thin, light-weight, rigid plate was attached to the sole of the foot in order to immobilize the toe area. Participants were 13 healthy young women (mean age: 24 ± 4 years). For measurement of STPF with the new approach, participants were instructed to stand, raise the device-wearing leg slightly, plantar flex the ankle, and push the sensor sheet with the toes to exert STPF. The sensor sheet of the F-scan II system was inserted between the foot sole and the plate. For measurement with the seated approach, participants were instructed to sit and push the sensor with the toes. They were required to maintain the hip, knee, and ankle joints at 90°. The mean values of maximum STPF of the 13 participants obtained with each approach were compared. There was no significant difference in mean value of maximum STPF when the two approaches were compared (new: 59 ± 23 N, seated: 47 ± 33 N). The coefficient of variation of maximum STPF was smaller for data obtained with the new approach (new: 39%, seated: 70%). Our simple approach enables measurement of STPF without the need for the restraints that are required for the conventional seated approach. These results suggest that the new approach is a valid method for measurement of STPF.

scholarly journals A New Approach for Analyzing the Reliability of the Repair Facility in a Series System with Vacations

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Renbin Liu ◽  
Yong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Renewal Process ◽  
Decomposition Method ◽  
Process Theory ◽  
Series System ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Repair Facility

Based on the renewal process theory we develop a decomposition method to analyze the reliability of the repair facility in ann-unit series system with vacations. Using this approach, we study the unavailability and the mean replacement number during(0,t]of the repair facility. The method proposed in this work is novel and concise, which can make us see clearly the structures of the facility indices of a series system with an unreliable repair facility, two convolution relations. Special cases and numerical examples are given to show the validity of our method.

scholarly journals The Mean Square Error of Prediction in the Chain Ladder Reserving Method – A Comment

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (02) ◽  
pp. 543-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Mack ◽  
Gerhard Quarg ◽  
Christian Braun
Keyword(s):  
Mean Square Error ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Chain Ladder ◽  
Original Formula

We discuss some questionable points of the approach taken in the paper by Buchwalder, Bühlmann, Merz and Wüthrich and come to the conclusion that this approach does not yield an improvement of Mack’s original formula. The main reason is that the new approach disregards the negative correlation of the squares of the development factors. The same applies to the formula by Murphy (PCAS 1994).

Turbulent Wall-Pressure Fluctuations: A New Model for Off-Axis Cross-Spectral Density

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Singer
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Turbulent Boundary Layer ◽  
Spectral Density ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Wall Pressure ◽  
Mean Flow ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Cross Spectral Density ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cross

Models for the distribution of the wall-pressure under a turbulent boundary layer often estimate the coherence of the cross-spectral density in terms of a product of two coherence functions. One such function describes the coherence as a function of separation distance in the mean-flow direction, the other function describes the coherence in the cross-stream direction. Analysis of data from a large-eddy simulation of a turbulent boundary layer reveals that this approximation dramatically underpredicts the coherence for separation directions that are neither aligned with nor perpendicular to the mean-flow direction. These models fail even when the coherence functions in the directions parallel and perpendicular to the mean flow are known exactly. A new approach for combining the parallel and perpendicular coherence functions is presented. The new approach results in vastly improved approximations for the coherence.

scholarly journals Development of a new approach to diagnosis of the early fluorosis forms by means of FTIR and Raman microspectroscopy

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Seredin ◽  
Dmitry Goloshchapov ◽  
Yuri Ippolitov ◽  
Jitraporn Vongsvivut
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Type B ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Human Teeth ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Infrared Microspectroscopy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Apatite Lattice ◽  
Preventive Diagnostics

AbstractThis study is aimed at investigating the features of mineralization of the enamel apatite at initial stages of fluorosis development. Samples of teeth with intact and fluorotic enamel in an early stage of the disease development (Thylstrup–Fejerskov Index = 1–3) were studied by Raman scattering and FTIR using Infrared Microspectroscopy beamline at Australian Synchrotron equipment. Based on the data obtained by optical microspectroscopy and calculation of the coefficient R [A-type/B-type], which represents the ratio of carbonation fraction of CO32−, replacing phosphate or hydroxyl radicals in the enamel apatite lattice, the features of mineralization of enamel apatite in the initial stages of development of the pathology caused by an increased content of fluorine in the oral cavity were established. Statistical analysis of the data showed significant differences in the mean values of R [A-type/B-type] ratio between the control and experimental groups for surface layers (p < 0.01). The data obtained are potentially significant as benchmarks in the development of a new approach to preventive diagnostics of the development of initial and clinically unregistered stages of human teeth fluorosis, as well as personalized control of the use of fluoride-containing caries-preventive agents.

Approximating Transition Probabilities and Mean Occupation Times in Continuous-Time Markov Chains

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheldon M. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Markov Chains ◽  
Continuous Time ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Random Time ◽  
Occupation Times ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Continuous Time Markov Chains ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time

In this paper we propose a new approach for estimating the transition probabilities and mean occupation times of continuous-time Markov chains. Our approach is to approximate the probability of being in a state (or the mean time already spent in a state) at time t by the probability of being in that state (or the mean time already spent in that state) at a random time that is gamma distributed with mean t.

scholarly journals Reward skewness coding in the insula independent of probability and loss

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (5) ◽  
pp. 2415-2422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Burke ◽  
Philippe N. Tobler
Keyword(s):  
Loss Aversion ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Potential Outcomes ◽  
Preference Formation ◽  
Individual Preferences ◽  
Data Support ◽  
Mean And Variance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Asymmetry ◽  
The Brain

Rewards in the natural environment are rarely predicted with complete certainty. Uncertainty relating to future rewards has typically been defined as the variance of the potential outcomes. However, the asymmetry of predicted reward distributions, known as skewness, constitutes a distinct but neuroscientifically underexplored risk term that may also have an impact on preference. By changing only reward magnitudes, we study skewness processing in equiprobable ternary lotteries involving only gains and constant probabilities, thus excluding probability distortion or loss aversion as mechanisms for skewness preference formation. We show that individual preferences are sensitive to not only the mean and variance but also to the skewness of predicted reward distributions. Using neuroimaging, we show that the insula, a structure previously implicated in the processing of reward-related uncertainty, responds to the skewness of predicted reward distributions. Some insula responses increased in a monotonic fashion with skewness (irrespective of individual skewness preferences), whereas others were similarly elevated to both negative and positive as opposed to no reward skew. These data support the notion that the asymmetry of reward distributions is processed in the brain and, taken together with replicated findings of mean coding in the striatum and variance coding in the cingulate, suggest that the brain codes distinct aspects of reward distributions in a distributed fashion.

scholarly journals The Mean Square Error of Prediction in the Chain Ladder Reserving Method – A Comment

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 543-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Mack ◽  
Gerhard Quarg ◽  
Christian Braun
Keyword(s):  
Mean Square Error ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Chain Ladder ◽  
Original Formula

We discuss some questionable points of the approach taken in the paper by Buchwalder, Bühlmann, Merz and Wüthrich and come to the conclusion that this approach does not yield an improvement of Mack’s original formula. The main reason is that the new approach disregards the negative correlation of the squares of the development factors. The same applies to the formula by Murphy (PCAS 1994).

Convergence of stochastic algorithms: from the Kushner–Clark theorem to the Lyapounov functional method

1996 ◽  
Vol 28 (04) ◽  
pp. 1072-1094
Author(s):  
Jean-Claude Fort ◽  
Gilles Pagès
Keyword(s):  
Vector Field ◽  
Vector Fields ◽  
Functional Method ◽  
Stochastic Algorithms ◽  
Smoothness Assumption ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Path Dependent ◽  
Mean Vector ◽  
Theoretical Results

In the first part of this paper a global Kushner–Clark theorem about the convergence of stochastic algorithms is proved: we show that, under some natural assumptions, one can ‘read' from the trajectories of its ODE whether or not an algorithm converges. The classical stochastic optimization results are included in this theorem. In the second part, the above smoothness assumption on the mean vector field of the algorithm is relaxed using a new approach based on a path-dependent Lyapounov functional. Several applications, for non-smooth mean vector fields and/or bounded Lyapounov function settings, are derived. Examples and simulations are provided that illustrate and enlighten the field of application of the theoretical results.

The Number of Vertebrae in Trout (Salmo)

1937 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. McC. Mottley
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
European Species ◽  
The Mean

The European species of Salmo have fewer vertebrae than those from western North America, the mean values of two of each group as reared at the Cowichan hatchery being found to be: salar 59.0, trutta 58.3, gairdnerii 63.5, clarkii 62.5. Hatchery-reared gairdnerii were usually found to be different from those of the natural environment as well as varying with different experimental conditions, and even differed from their own parents, this seeming on the whole to be related to the temperature during development. A correlation was found between the length of the fish and the number of vertebrae. Caution is suggested in the use of the character for identifying populations of Salmo.

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