Using a parallel corpus to adapt the Flesch Reading Ease formula to Czech

Text readability metrics assess how much effort a reader must put into comprehending a given text. They are, e.g., used to choose appropriate readings for different student proficiency levels, or to make sure that crucial information is efficiently conveyed (e.g., in an emergency). Flesch Reading Ease is such a globally used formula that it is even integrated into the MS Word Processor. However, its constants are language-dependent. The original formula was created for English. So far it has been adapted to several European languages, Bangla, and Hindi. This paper describes the Czech adaptation, with the language-dependent constants optimized by a machine-learning algorithm working on parallel corpora of Czech and English, Russian, Italian, and French, respectively.

Recursion applied to the Erlang B formula for determining the telephone exchange Grade of Service

This paper describes how it is possible to apply a recursion to the original formula of Erlang B., to solve the problem of evaluating large numbers in that formula, using mathematical assistants, in applications designed to determine the grade of service in telephone exchanges.

Recursion applied to the Erlang B formula for determining the telephone exchange Grade of Service

This paper describes how it is possible to apply a recursion to the original formula of Erlang B., to solve the problem of evaluating large numbers in that formula, using mathematical assistants, in applications designed to determine the grade of service in telephone exchanges.

Development, Characterization, and Stability Evaluation of the Anti-Cellulite Emgel Containing Herbal Extracts and Essential Oils

Recently, the herbal compress was successfully developed and applied for cellulite treatment. The aim of this study was to formulate a more convenient dosage form of herbal application from the original formula. In addition, we aimed to characterize and evaluate the stability of the developed dosage form. A gelled emulsion, or an “emgel,” incorporated with 0.1 wt% tea and coffee extracts (1:1 ratio) plus 5 wt% essential oils (mixed oil) was prepared. The caffeine content in the finished product obtained from tea and coffee extracts analyzed by HPLC was 48.1 ± 2.3 µg/g. The bio-active marker monoterpenes of mixed oil characterized by headspace GCMS were camphene 50.8 ± 1.8 µg/mg, camphor 251.0 ± 3.2 µg/mg, 3-carene 46.7 ± 1.8 µg/mg, α-citral 75.0 ± 2.1 µg/mg, β-citral 65.6 ± 1.3 µg/mg, limonene 36.8 ± 6.7 µg/mg, myrcene 53.3 ± 4.5 µg/mg, α-pinene 85.2 ± 0.6 µg/mg, β-pinene 88.4 ± 1.1 µg/mg, and terpinene-4-ol 104.3 ± 2.6 µg/mg. The stability study was carried out over a period of 3 months at 4, 25, and 50 °C. The caffeine content showed no significant changes and passed the acceptance criteria of ≥80% at all tested temperatures. However, monoterpenes showed their stability for only 2 months at 50 °C. Therefore, the shelf-life of the emgel was, consequently, calculated to be 31 months using the Q10 method. Thus, the anti-cellulite emgel was successfully formulated. The characterization methods and stability evaluation for caffeine and monoterpenes in an emgel matrix were also successfully developed and validated.

Condensed Matter involving Dark Matter and Negative Mass

The question that has bewildered the physics community is the colossal complexities of the idea of three categorical similarities dependent on each other. Dark Energy, Dark Matter and Anti-Gravity. One could say that Anti-Gravity is actually dark matter. In other words, they are one in the same. Based on my theory, all three of these similarities are connected via a formula I extended from the Potential Energy formula into a new, original formula. Is this the beginning of a quantization of a form of Matter that has never been quantified?

Proof That a Dominant Endmember Formula Can Always Be Written for a Mineral or a Crystal Structure

An endmember formula must be: (1) conformable with the crystal structure of the mineral, (2) electroneutral (i.e., not carry a net electric charge), and (3) irreducible [i.e., not capable of being factored into components that have the same bond topology (atomic arrangement) as that of the original formula]. The stoichiometry of an endmember formula must match the “stoichiometry” of the sites in the structure; for ease of expression, I denote such a formula here as a chemical endmember. In order for a chemical endmember to be a true endmember, the corresponding structure must obey the valence-sum rule of bond-valence theory. For most minerals, the chemical endmember and the (true) endmember are the same. However, where local order would lead to strong deviation from the valence-sum rule for some local arrangements, such arrangements cannot occur and the (true) endmember differs from the chemical endmember. I present heuristic and algebraic proofs that a specific chemical formula can always be represented by a corresponding dominant endmember formula. That dominant endmember may be derived by calculating the difference between the mineral formula considered and all of the possible endmember compositions; the endmember formula which is closest to the mineral formula considered is the dominant endmember.

Improvement on the association strength: implementing a probabilistic measure inspired on combinations without repetition.

The use of co-occurrence data is common in various domains. Co-occurrence data often needs to be normalised to correct for the size-effect. To this end, van Eck and Waltman (2009) recommend a probabilistic measure known as the association strength. However, this formula, based on combinations with repetition, implicitly assumes that observations from the same entity can co-occur even though in the intended usage of the measure these self-co-occurrences are non-existent. A more accurate measure inspired on combinations without repetition is introduced here and compared to the original formula in mathematical derivations, simulations, and patent data, which shows that the original formula overestimates the relation between a pair and that some pairs are more overestimated than others. The new measure is available in the EconGeo package for R maintained by Balland (2016). Peer Review https://publons.com/publon/10.1162/qss_a_00122

Improving on the Adrogué-Madias Formula

The Adrogué-Madias (A-M) formula is correct as written, but technically it only works when adding one liter of an intravenous (IV) fluid. For all other volumes, the A-M algorithm gives an approximate answer, one that diverges further from the truth as the IV volume is increased. If one liter of an IV fluid is calculated to change the serum sodium by some amount, then it was long assumed that giving a fraction of the liter would change the serum sodium by a proportional amount. We challenged that assumption and now prove that the A-M change in [sodium] is not scalable in a linear way. Rather, the delta [Na] needs to be scaled in a way that accounts for the actual volume of IV fluid being given. This is accomplished by our improved version of the A-M formula in a mathematically rigorous way. Our equation accepts any IV fluid volume, eliminates the illogical infinities, and, most importantly, incorporates the scaling step so that it cannot be forgotten. However, the non-linear scaling makes it harder to obtain a desired delta [Na]. Therefore, we reversed the equation so that clinicians can enter the desired delta [Na], keeping the rate of sodium correction safe, and then get an answer in terms of the volume of IV fluid to infuse. The improved equation can also unify the A-M formula with the corollary A-M loss equation wherein one liter of urine is lost. The method is to treat loss as a negative volume. Since the new equation is just as straightforward as the original formula, we believe that the improved form of A-M is ready for immediate use, alongside frequent [sodium] monitoring.

Pengembangan Produk Bakso yang Berbahan Baku Tanaman Berantioksidan

The development of functional food is increasing. Meatball is one of popular food product that can be developed to become more functional by adding antioxidant. Meatballs are processed products from small round meat. The aim of this study was to obtain the best formula for meat ball production with high antioxidant and also have good organoleptic characteristics. The addition of Moringa leaves, celery,cup leaves panax, and lime leaves to the original formula of meat ball production were used as the treatments in this study. The results indicated that the addition of cup leaves panax could produce the functional meat ball with the highest antioxidant and best organoleptic characteristics among all treatments.

Replication and Extension of Alicke (1985) Better-Than-Average Effect for Desirable and Controllable Traits

People tend to regard themselves as better than average. We conducted a replication and extension of Alicke’s classic study on trait dimensions in evaluations of self versus others with U.S. American Mechanical Turk workers in two waves (total N = 1,573; 149 total traits). We successfully replicated the trait desirability effect, such that participants rated more desirable traits as being more descriptive of themselves than of others (original: [Formula: see text] = .78, 95% confidence interval [CI] [.73, .81]; replication: sr 2 = .54, 95% CI [.43, .65]). The effect of desirability was stronger for more controllable traits (effect of Desirability × Controllability interaction on self–other-ratings difference; original: [Formula: see text] = .21, 95% CI [.12, .28]; replication: sr 2 = .07, 95% CI [.02, .12]). In an extension, we found that desirable traits were rated as more common for others, but not for the self. Thirty-five years later, the better-than-average effect appears to remain robust. All materials, data, and code are available at https://osf.io/2y6wj/ .