Investigation on rotor jet interference in a hydraulic reaction turbine for low head low flow water conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Farriz Basar
Keyword(s):  
Water Jet ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Type B ◽  
Governing Equations ◽  
Optimal Length ◽  
Low Head ◽  
Type C ◽  
Jet Nozzle ◽  
Turbine Speed

Abstract The focus of this paper is to investigate the issue of water jet interference, which is a common flaw in simple reaction turbines. When the turbine’s wall crosses the water jet coming from another nozzle, this is known as jet interference. The governing equations are also used to analyse the Z-Blade simple water reaction turbine for an ideal and practical example, based on the principles of mass-, impulses and energy conservation. Various evaluations of real and potential operating losses for low-head (3–5 m) and low-flow (3 L/s and below) water resources have been conducted. According to experimental data, the Z-Blade turbine Type B achieves the maximum rotational speeds at 450 rpm, followed by Type A at 400 rpm and Type C at 300 rpm. By performing parametric analysis via governing equations, the calculated non-interference speed is approximately twice that of the turbine’s maximum speed. Furthermore, as the turbine reaches its maximum rotational speed at the optimal length diameter, the turbine speed decreases without interference from the jet nozzle rotor. This resembles a phenomenon of non-interference rotor jet on Z-Blade turbine.

Classification of small type B/C follicles as primordial follicles in mature rats

Reproduction ◽  
2000 ◽  
pp. 43-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Meredith ◽  
G Dudenhoeffer ◽  
K Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Reliable Indicator ◽  
Type B ◽  
Primordial Follicles ◽  
Type C

In the present study, follicles were classified according to the morphology of their granulosa cells. Type B follicles contained only flattened granulosa cells; type B/C follicles had a mixture of flattened and cuboidal granulosa cells in a single layer, and type C follicles had a single layer of cuboidal granulosa cells. The primary objectives of the study were to determine whether 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine incorporation into type B/C follicles was a marker for initiation of growth and how long type B/C follicles could remain at the same stage before transformation to type C follicles. Female Holtzman rats received bromo-deoxyuridine for 7 days. After the infusion (day minipumps were removed = day 0), rats were ovariectomized on days 0 (n = 9), 30 (n = 8), 90 (n = 8) and 150 (n = 9). The numbers of type B, B/C and C follicles within one ovary were determined using modified fractionator counting. Analysis over all times demonstrated that there were more (P < 0.0001) type B/C (941 +/- 61 per ovary) than type C (140 +/- 18 per ovary) or type B (159 +/- 19 per ovary) follicles. The numbers of type B and type C follicles did not differ from each other at any time. Only one of 34 rats evaluated had bromo-deoxyuridine-labelled type B follicles. On day 150, 57% of the bromo-deoxyuridine-labelled type B/C follicles remained from day 0. It is concluded that (1) DNA synthesis in granulosa cells of type B/C follicles is not a reliable indicator of impending growth; and (2) type B and type B/C follicles are both components of the pool of primordial follicles.

scholarly journals Lense-Thirring QPO model testing by QPO phenomena in GX339-4 2010 outburst

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (S290) ◽  
pp. 211-212
Author(s):  
H. Q. Gao ◽  
J. L. Qu ◽  
Z. Zhang ◽  
J. N. Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Model Prediction ◽  
Model Testing ◽  
Type B ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Type C

AbstractLense-Thirring QPO model is a promising model to explain QPO phenomena (Ingram et al. (2009)). In this model the QPO results from Lense-Thirring precession of a optical translucent inner hot flow in a truncated disc geometry. Now we check this model with different types QPO (see (Belloni et al. (2011)) for a recent review) of black hole transient (BHT) GX 339-4 2010 outburst and suggest type C QPOs are mainly coincident with this model prediction while type B QPOs are not.

scholarly journals Effects of Clostridium perfringens Beta-Toxin on the Rabbit Small Intestine and Colon

2008 ◽  
Vol 76 (10) ◽  
pp. 4396-4404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge E. Vidal ◽  
Bruce A. McClane ◽  
Juliann Saputo ◽  
Jaquelyn Parker ◽  
Francisco A. Uzal
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Intestinal Damage ◽  
Loop Model ◽  
Type B ◽  
Ileal Loop ◽  
Type C ◽  
Beta Toxin

ABSTRACT Clostridium perfringens type B and type C isolates, which produce beta-toxin (CPB), cause fatal diseases originating in the intestines of humans or livestock. Our previous studies demonstrated that CPB is necessary for type C isolate CN3685 to cause bloody necrotic enteritis in a rabbit ileal loop model and also showed that purified CPB, in the presence of trypsin inhibitor (TI), can reproduce type C pathology in rabbit ileal loops. We report here a more complete characterization of the effects of purified CPB in the rabbit small and large intestines. One microgram of purified CPB, in the presence of TI, was found to be sufficient to cause significant accumulation of hemorrhagic luminal fluid in duodenal, jejunal, or ileal loops treated for 6 h with purified CPB, while no damage was observed in corresponding loops receiving CPB (no TI) or TI alone. In contrast to the CPB sensitivity of the small intestine, the colon was not affected by 6 h of treatment with even 90 μg of purified CPB whether or not TI was present. Time course studies showed that purified CPB begins to induce small intestinal damage within 1 h, at which time the duodenum is less damaged than the jejunum or ileum. These observations help to explain why type B and C infections primarily involve the small intestine, establish CPB as a very potent and fast-acting toxin in the small intestines, and confirm a key role for intestinal trypsin as an innate intestinal defense mechanism against CPB-producing C. perfringens isolates.

High resolution studies of the system of 13C-formaldehyde

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. 1676-1680 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Birss ◽  
R. M. Gordon ◽  
D. A. Ramsay ◽  
S. M. Till
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectrum ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Type B ◽  
Molecular Constants ◽  
Text Type ◽  
Type C

The absorption spectrum of H213CO has been photographed in the region 3600 to 3000 Å under high resolution. Rotational analyses have been carried out for four bands, viz., [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] (Type B), and [Formula: see text] (Type C), and molecular constants are given. Several perturbations have been found and possible mechanisms discussed.

Intensified paraglacial slope failures due to accelerating downwasting of a temperate glacier in Mt. Gongga, Southeastern Tibet Plateau

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhong ◽  
Qiao Liu ◽  
Yong Nie ◽  
Matthew Westoby ◽  
Bo Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Slope Failure ◽  
Geological Structure ◽  
Tibet Plateau ◽  
Type B ◽  
Current State ◽  
Triggering Factor ◽  
Type C ◽  
Glacier Ablation ◽  
Glacial Denudation

&lt;p&gt;Topographic development via paraglacial slope failure (PSF) represents a complex interplay between geological structure, climate, and glacial denudation. Where debris generated by PSFs is deposited on the surface of a glacier, this debris can increase the extent or thickness of a supraglacial debris-cover, in turn modifying glacier ablation and affecting meltwater generation. To date, little attention has been paid to intensity and frequency of PSFs and their significance as a geomorphic agent and hazard in glacierised, monsoon temperate regions of Southeast Tibet. We mapped PSFs along the 5 km-long, west-east trending ice tongue of Hailuogou Glacier (HLG), Mt. Gongga, using repeat satellite- and UAV-derived imagery between 1990 and 2020. Three types of PSF were identified: (A) rock fall, (B) slide and collapse of sediment-mantled slopes, and (C) gulley headwards erosion. We analyzed the formation, evolution and current state of these PSFs and discuss these aspects with relation to glacier dynamics and paraglacial geomorphological history. South-facing slopes (true left of HLG) showed more destabilization and higher PSF activity than north-facing slopes. We observed annual average rates of downslope sliding for type B PSFs of 1.6-2.6 cm d&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, whereas the average upward denudation rate for type C PSFs was 0.7-3.39 cm d&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. We show that type A PSFs are non-ice-contact rock collapses that occur as a long-term paraglacial response following glacier downwasting and the exposure of steep rocky cliffs and which could also be influenced by precipitation, freeze-thaw cycling, earthquakes or other factors. In contrast, type B and C PSFs are a more immediate response to recent glacier downwasting. We further argue that the accelerating downwasting of glacier are used as a preparatory or triggering factor, which could directly or indirectly cause the PSFs.&lt;/p&gt;

Influence of runner cone profile and axial water jet injection in a low head Francis turbine at part load

2022 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 101810
Author(s):  
Subodh Khullar ◽  
Krishna M. Singh ◽  
Michel J. Cervantes ◽  
Bhupendra K. Gandhi
Keyword(s):  
Water Jet ◽  
Francis Turbine ◽  
Jet Injection ◽  
Part Load ◽  
Low Head

scholarly journals The effectiveness of TiO2 additions to mortar to maintain initial conditions in terms of its reflectance to solar radiation

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 39-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sérgio Roberto Andrade Dantas ◽  
Fulvio Vittorino ◽  
Kai Loh
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Type A ◽  
Just Noticeable Difference ◽  
Type B ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Type D ◽  
Type C ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Contact of facades with degradation agents and direct incidence of ultraviolet radiation on external coatings make them more opaque over time, affecting their colour and reflectance characteristics. This study evaluated the effect of adding different TiO2 contents to mortars applied in concrete substrates in order to verify the reflectance maintenance on surfaces after exposure over time. Mortar with different concentrations of TiO2 (1%, 5%, 10%) were produced in relation to the total dry premix, added as a powder and compared to unpainted mortar without TiO2 (type "A") and painted mortar without TiO2 (type "B"), both used as a reference for colour and reflectance. Exposed over 16 months to climate conditions in São Paulo, regarding the maintenance of reflectance and solar radiation, the results showed that type "B" (0%TiO2) painted mortar presented the best performance. Type "C" (1%TiO2) and type "D" (5%TiO2) unpainted mortar remained more stable. Type "A" (0%TiO2) and type "E" (10%TiO2) unpainted mortar showed greater differences according to the Just Noticeable Difference (JND) range caused by dirt pick up.

scholarly journals Analytical subcellular fractionation of alveolar macrophages from normal and BCG-vaccinated rabbits with particular reference to heterogeneity of hydrolase-containing granules

1979 ◽  
Vol 178 (3) ◽  
pp. 761-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
D B Lowrie ◽  
P W Andrew ◽  
T J Peters
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient ◽  
Subcellular Fractionation ◽  
Equilibrium Density ◽  
Type B ◽  
Type C ◽  
Pulmonary Granulomas ◽  
B Granules ◽  
Isopycnic Centrifugation

Macrophages were obtained by pulmonary lavage from normal rabbits or rabbits that had developed pulmonary granulomas after receiving intravenous BCG vaccine 2-3 weeks earlier. The cells were disrupted in iso-osmotic sucrose and a low-speed supernatant was fractionated by isopycnic centrifugation on a linear sucrose density gradient. Three populations of hydrolase-containing granules (putative lysosomes) were found in both normal and BCG-induced macrophages. They were distinguished by their different distributions in the gradient and different sensitivities to disruption by digitonin and were termed:type A, containing lysozyme; type B, containing N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, beta-glactosidase, beta-glucuronidase and possibly some lysozyme; type C, containing cathepsin D. Acid phosphatase appeared to be about equally distributed between type B and C granules. Type A and B granules from BCG-induced macrophages showed markedly greater equilibrium density than did those from normal macrophages. Beta-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase had greater specific activity in the induced cells.

Judgments of Grammatically by Normal and Language-Disordered Children

1977 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betty Z. Liles ◽  
Martin D. Shulman ◽  
Susan Bartlett
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Sentence Type ◽  
Type A ◽  
Order Type ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Type B ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Grammatical Errors ◽  
Type C

Fifteen linguistically normal children and 15 linguistically deviant children were presented with three types of agrammatical sentences. The subjects were asked to judge the sentences as right or wrong and to change the sentences judged as wrong, rendering them correct. The three types of agrammatical sentences represented rule violations of syntactic agreement (Type A), lexical restrictions (Type B), and word order (Type C). The two groups of children were compared in terms of the number of sentences of each type that were recognized as agrammatical. Those productions which represented the child’s correction of agrammatical sentences were subjected to descriptive analyses (percentages) with specific reference to the number of attempted changes and the number of those changes which demonstrated corrections of the specific deviation from well formedness. Results indicated that the two groups of subjects were significantly different in their ability to recognize grammatical errors in sentence Types A and C, but did not differ in their ability to recognize errors in sentence Type B. The descriptive comparison of the groups' verbal corrections reflected this trend, in that the language-disordered subjects made corrections specific to the error on more of the Type B sentences (for example, “The dog writes the food.”) than on Types A (for example, “'She will pick some flowers last week.”) or C (for example, “Get and come your dinner.”). Linguistically normal children accurately corrected 90.7% of the sentences judged as agrammatical; this percentage did not vary more than 1% across sentence types.

scholarly journals Possible factors for ankle fractures

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dejan Tabakovic ◽  
Radovan Manojlovic ◽  
Marko Kadija ◽  
Mihailo Ille ◽  
Goran Turkovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Ankle Fractures ◽  
Type B ◽  
Physical Exercises ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Fracture Body ◽  
Type C ◽  
Fracture Types

Background/Aim. Classification of ankle fractures is commonly used for selecting an appropriate treatment and prognosing an outcome of definite management. One of the most used classifications is the Danis-Weber classification. To the best of our knowledge, in the available literature, there are no parameters affecting specific types of ankle fractures according to the Danis-Weber classification. The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation of the following parameters: age, body weight, body mass index (BMI), height, osteoporosis, osteopenia and physical exercises with specific types of ankle fractures using the Danis-Weber classification. Methods. A total of 85 patients grouped by the Danis-Weber classification fracture types were analyzed and the significance of certain parameters for specific types of ankle fractures was established. Results. The proportion of females was significantly higher (p < 0.001) with a significantly higher age (59.9 years, SD ? 14.2) in relation to males (45.1 years, SD ? 12.8) (p < 0.0001). Type A fracture was most frequent in the younger patients (34.2 years, SD ? 8.6), and those with increased physical exercises (p = 0.020). In type B fracture, the risk factor was osteoporosis (p = 0.0180), while in type C fracture, body weight (p = 0.017) and osteoporosis (p = 0.004) were significant parameters. Conclusion. Statistical analysis using the Danis-Weber classification reveals that there are certain parameters suggesting significant risk factors for specific types of ankle fractures.

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