scholarly journals Family Enterprise in Czech Civil Code

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Janku ◽  
Karel Marek

Abstract For more than two decades the family business enterprises of the first generation (generation of founders) are more and more dominating in the category of today’s small and medium–sized enterprises in the Czech Republic. The necessary legal background defining the legal relationships and rights of all participating persons was, however, limited to general provisions in the Commercial Code that has not solved many of the problems associated thereto. Only in 2012 the new Czech Civil Code, Act. No 89/2012 Coll., introduced the institute of family enterprise as completely new term in the Czech Civil law. The presented paper aims to analyse the key rules of this new legal regulation, focusing on significant aspects of the institute in the context of commercial law and family law, as well as, to highlight the potential weaknesses and gaps existing in the regulation.

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-152
Author(s):  
Karel Marek ◽  
Martin Janků

For more than two decades the family business enterprises of the first generation (generation of founders) are more and more dominating in the category of today’s Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in the Czech Republic. The necessary legal background defining the legal relationships and rights of all participating persons was, however, limited to general provisions in the Commercial Code that hasn’t solved many of the problems associated thereto. Only in 2012 the new Czech Civil Code, Act. No 89/2012 Coll., introduced the institute of family enterprise as completely new term in the Czech Civil law. The present paper aims to analyse the key rules of this new legal regulation, focusing on significant aspects of the institute in the context of commercial law and family law, as well as to highlight the potential weaknesses in the regulation itself.


Author(s):  
Tomáš Peráček ◽  
Boris Mucha ◽  
Patricia Brestovanská ◽  
Jana Kajanová

One of the basic tools of the capital market are securities. Under the currently valid and effective legislation, ownership of securities can be acquired through three types of scrambling contracts. It is a contract for the purchase of securities, a contract for the donation of securities and a contract for the loan of a security. These contract types are primarily regulated in the Securities Act as the “lex specialis” of securities law, with subsequent reference to the legal regulation contained in the Civil Code and the Commercial Code. The authors are focused on a donation of securities lending of securities, which are used in practice only a little, or even at all. For this reason, no attention is paid to them either by legal theorists. The authors, through scientific and doctrinal interpretation, examine the selected provisions of the Securities Act, the Civil Code and the Commercial Code relating to the issues of these agreements. Through professional literature and court decisions, they are looking for answers to practical application problems. Last but not least, they compare legal regulations in Slovakia and the Czech Republic and point to the differences. The study of the selected issues related to the acquisition of securities in the conditions of the Slovak Republic represents the main objective of this contribution, which affects also the area of economics or financial management. Priority, however, is in the area of financial law with significant transitions to civil and commercial law.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-85
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Romanovich Kovalyshyn

The paper is devoted to the disclosure of certain aspects of recodification in Ukraine, some existing problems of the Ukrainian commercial law as well as the conflict of norms between the Commercial Code of Ukraine and the Civil Code of Ukraine. In year 2020, the Concept of Civil Legislation Reform was adopted in Ukraine. The Concept of Civil Legislation Reform states that the systematic renewal of the Civil Code of Ukraine as a whole is possible only if the Commercial Code of Ukraine is repealed because the latter does not meet the parameters of the acts governing business relations which, by their nature, are primarily private. The presented study explains the current problems of the Ukrainian commercial law as well as civil law regulation of business relations for both: 1) the foreign scholars dealing with the civil law and commercial law; 2) the foreign investors (including investors from the European Union countries) who are already conducting economic activities in Ukraine or plan to invest in the Ukrainian economy. Special attention is given to such issues like the types of ownership, penalties for obligations, differences in legal capacity, difference of approaches to the system of legal entities, existence of some archaic legal forms of entrepreneurial activity, etc. The author emphasizes that undoubtedly the Commercial Code of Ukraine as well as the Civil Code of Ukraine need some updating. There is an urgent need to systematize the existing organizational and legal forms of legal entities and to renew the basics of civil law regulation in Ukraine. It is explained in the paper, while in most neighbouring jurisdictions steps are being taken to systematic update of the commercial codes (including expanding the scope of their legal regulations), in Ukraine steps are being taken to eliminate the commercial code. This seems completely unacceptable; it harms the legal regulation of business relations in Ukraine significantly and slows down the progressive development of the Ukraine’s economy. The analysis of the commercial codes abroad shows that there is no single approach to the list of legal constructions that should form the basis of the relevant code. All, without exception, codified acts of this type are characterized by the presence of special institutions that, from the point of foreign lawyer’s view or current trends in private law, may seem do not meet certain standards.


Author(s):  
Jarmila Pokorná ◽  
Eva Večerková

Name of the firm is by the Commercial Code name of the entrepreneur registered in commercial register. The effective legal regulation distinguishs between the name of natural person (its first name and surname) and the name of company (its name and obligatory addition declaring its legal form). The name is not allowed to be deceptive and mistakable. It can be transfered only together with an enterprise. If the name is unwarrantedly interferented the injured person can require an unwarranted user to forbear his behaviour and to eliminate the defective state. He can also demand delivery of an unwarranted enrichment, adequate satisfaction and damages.Reform of civil law transposes the regulation of name of the firm to Civil Code, but maintains some principles of existing legal regulations: the name is a designation for entrepreneurs registered in commercial register, it is not allowed to be deceptive and mistakable. However the draft bill of the Civil Code brings change in some elements of the regulation: natural person does not need to use obligatory name and surname, right to use the name by its transition on a new user is regulated in more detail and more detailed is also the regulation of using the names of natural persons in names of companies.By way of contrast possibility of transfer of the name is not explicitly solved. It may be used the general regulation about transfer of the thing. Existing interpretative problems become this way deeper.


Author(s):  
Martin Janků

The family-run business model is in the Czech Republic not used in the scope, as it is the case of other EU Member States. Until recently one of the reasons was also the absence of a legislative framework that would give to the family business or its organization a comprehensive and systematic rules and a stable order. This has – from a part – changed since January 1st, 2014 with the entry into force of the new Czech Civil Code, Act No. 89/2012 Coll. The present paper aims at pointing out the ways, forms and the diversity of family business from business in general according to the legislation in the Civil Code introducing in its Sections 700 – 707 the institute of family enterprise. In the context of economic-legal analysis undertaken some aspects related to the family enterprise are highlighted, in particular the sharing of profit gains, employment of family members in the operation of the family enterprise and the continuing of operation of the family business after the death of the family member being in the legal position of the entrepreneur.


Author(s):  
Luciano Zordan Piva

Sumário: Introdução. 1. A dualidade Direito Civil - Direito Comercial como base da pesquisa. 1.1. Apontamentos sobre a evolução histórica da unificação do Direito Privado brasileiro. 1.2. Técnica de pesquisa e corte metodológico: o contrato de comodato na relação de distribuição de derivados de petróleo. 1.3. Da utilização do contrato de comodato como paradigma para a investigação: contrato tipicamente civil numa relação empresarial. 2. Resultados: inclinação jurisprudencial no sentido de evidenciar a autonomia do direito comercial. 2.1. Análise das decisões que consideram o contexto de inserção do contrato para configuração da sua função social e econômica típica. 2.2. Relação de decisões que aplicaram regras civis ao contrato de comodato inserido na relação de distribuição de derivados de petróleo. 2.3. Análise de decisões anteriores à vigência do Código Civil de 2002. 3. Um novo código comercial é necessário? Considerações finais. Referências. Resumo: Uma das maiores transformações promovidas pelo Código Civil foi concretizar a tendência histórica do Direito brasileiro no sentido da unificação do regime das obrigações. Tendo em conta os dez anos de vigência da “constituição do homem comum”, esse artigo procura identificar as consequências práticas da unificação, isto é, examinar qual o impacto provocado nos julgamentos de casos envolvendo situações limites, em que, por exemplo, um contrato civil típico tenha sido utilizado numa operação intrinsecamente empresarial. Nesse sentido, analisar-se-á o contrato de comodato inserido na atividade de distribuição de derivados de petróleo, sempre atento aos novos dispositivos do Código Civil que originaram regras para a solução de casos como o supramencionado. Aproveitando as indispensáveis reflexões acerca da dualidade Direito Civil – Direito Comercial para a produção desse artigo, ao final provoca-se a discussão a respeito da necessidade ou não de um novo Código Comercial, em virtude da proposta do Projeto de Lei n. 1.572, de 2011. Palavras-chave: Direito Comercial; Código Civil; Unificação das Obrigações; Comodato; Projeto de Código Comercial. Abstract: One of the most important changes promoted by the Civil Code was to materialize the historical tendency of Brazilian Law towards the unification of Obligation’s regime. Taking into account the ten years of entering into force of this Code, this paper aims to identify the practical consequences of the unification, that is to say, to examine what is the real impact provoked in the trials involving threshold situations between Civil Law and Commercial Law, as for example, when a typical civil contract has been used in an intrinsically commercial transaction. In this sense, it shall be analyzed the commodate contract inserted in the oil’s derivative distribution activity, always looking up to the Civil Code new provisions that originated rules for the solution of cases like the above-named. Taking the indispensable reflections about the duality between Civil Law – Commercial Law, in the end of this paper, we provoke a discussion about the necessity of a new Commercial Code, due to the recent 2011 Draft Bill n. 1.572.  Keywords: Commercial Law; Civil Code; Unification of Obligation’s Regime; Commodate Contract; Draft of Commercial Civil Code.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-92
Author(s):  
Denisa Dulaková Jakúbeková

The article discusses the current state of the ongoing process of private law recodification in the Slovak Republic. Despite the efforts promised by every new government, to this day, none of them have achieved a recodification of civil law that would ultimately result in unambiguous treatment of, in particular, the so-called questions of values, nor have any of them seen through the creation of a codex, which has long been required. The need for recodification first became apparent even before the November 1989 Revolution. The focus of the expert public post-revolution was on filling the legal vacuum that came about through the abolition of the Economic Code and the Code of International Trade and on substituting them with a new and equivalent legal regulation. Due to time constraints and the urgent need for a solution to the given situation, the country failed to adopt a single universal regulation for private law; instead, the so-called major amendment of the previous Civil Code was adopted. This state has since prevailed; thus, Slovakia’s legal system is still subject to a Civil Code from 1964, amended on several occasions, as well as the Commercial Code from 1991. This is despite the numerous attempts to recodify private law, the last attempt having been introduced to the public at the end of 2018. The form of this reform was, however, surprising. Slovakia saw a change in governments in 2020, and the new government has, to date, declared other priorities in the domain of justice. It is, therefore, difficult to say whether the new government will adopt the ambition to recodify private law and, if so, to what extent it will succeed in completing this goal.


Law and World ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-177

The research shows that one of the legal relations in civil matters is the family relationship, having an extensive content. It includes Family Law and the actual family relationships. While there are factual elements in the family relationships, only marriage registration gives rise to the property and personal rights between spouses since marriage is a legal fact of law. However, it has been stated correctly in the legal literature that the actual co-existence of partners is such a family relationship, in which couples enter into marriage without registration. The inner world of unmarried couples is significantly free from legal regulation. Family relationships, by their characteristics, are inconceivable without the personal and intimate aspects contained in certain factual foundations and found in family relationships.


Author(s):  
Natanael Andra Jaya Nababan

Book witen by Prof Dr. R. Wirjono Prodjodikoro, Wirjono was bor in Surakarta, Dutch East Indies, on 15 June 1903. After completing his primary education, he attended the Rechtsschool I in Batavia, graduating in 1922. He then became a judge, later taking time to study at Leiden University in Leiden, Netherlands. This book talks about acts that can violate laws which are viewed from the point of civil law. I The term "unlawrful acts" in general is very broad meaning that is if the word "law" is used in the broadest sense and the matter of legal conduct viewed from all angles. Now the act of violating the law will be discussed smply because there are consequences and solutions that are regulated by the Civil Code in the broadest sense, which includes commercial law. This needs to be stated I here, because Article 102 of the Provisional Constitution distinguishes Civil Law from Commercial Law.


2021 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 01016
Author(s):  
Anatoly N. Levushkin ◽  
Yana S. Grishina ◽  
Olga G. Bartkova ◽  
Tatyana V. Savina

During the economic instability, crisis processes in economic relations, and the growing prospects of a new “step” of the global economic crisis, theoretical and applied research in the field of legal support for strengthening and supporting economic development, small and medium-sized businesses, and digital technologies in the Russian Federation plays a great role. The purpose of the study: A legal study of the current legislation in order to apply the concept of synergy of family business and social entrepreneurship for the effective implementation of economic processes and solving technological problems, identify the problems of family business development in the new economic realities and propose some ways to solve them at the legislative level. The object of the study is a set of economic, entrepreneurial, civil-legal relations that arise in the implementation of family business and social entrepreneurship in modern economic realities based on new technologies. Methods: General scientific and private scientific methods of scientific cognition were used in the study: systematic, historical, logical, comparative-legal, formal-legal, and others. Novelty: It is proved that social entrepreneurship and family business should be a system-forming link in economic relations, linking the state with small and medium-sized businesses. The introduction of such form of business (social and family entrepreneurship) should eliminate many economic problems and gaps in the legal regulation of issues that arise while conducting economic activities by family members. The necessity of separating social entrepreneurship and family business into a separate economic and legal category is justified, and the expediency of consolidating the concept of social entrepreneurship and family enterprise at the federal level is proved.


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