Variations in heartwood formation and wood density as a function of age and plant spacing in a fast-growing eucalyptus plantation

Abstract The heartwood formation process is little known in fast growing plantation woods. Therefore, the aims of this study were to determine how planting spacing and tree age affect the formation and proportion of heartwood and sapwood, as well as the density of eucalyptus wood. Trees from a eucalyptus clonal plantation (Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla hybrid) cultivated in three spacings (3 × 1, 3 × 2 and 3 × 3 m) were sampled at 14, 27, 32, 53, 64 and 76 months of age. Heartwood percentage was quantified with Dimethyl yellow indicator, while the wood density was determined by X-ray densitometry. The heartwood percentage, wood volume, heartwood density and wood density were correlated with the different growth rates. The heartwood formation process started between 32 and 53 months, regardless of spacing. The heartwood proportion doubled with increasing age in the widest spacing and increased about four times in 3 × 1 and 3 × 2 m spacing. The planting spacing influenced the growth rates of the trees, but did not affect the heartwood and sapwood percentage or density. The greatest increase in density values occurred between the first year of growth (14 months) and the beginning of heartwood formation (53 months).

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Effect Of Planting Spacing In Production And Permeability Of Heartwood And Sapwood Of Eucalyptus Wood

Floresta e Ambiente ◽

10.1590/2179-8087.037818 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (spe1) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Alice Soares Brito ◽

Graziela Baptista Vidaurre ◽

José Tarcísio da Silva Oliveira ◽

João Gabriel Missia da Silva ◽

Brunela Pollastrelli Rodrigues ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eucalyptus Grandis ◽

Eucalyptus Urophylla ◽

Stem Height ◽

Eucalyptus Wood ◽

Heartwood Percentage ◽

Yellow Compound

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of different useful areas provided by the planting spacings (3 × 1, 3 × 2, 3 × 3, 3 × 4 m) on the production and permeability of heartwood and sapwood of Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla clones at 4 years old. Regardless of the clone, there was no effect of planting spacing on the heartwood/sapwood relation and wood permeability. All clones showed a heartwood decrease with increased height, regardless of planting spacing, and E. grandis (B) was the only one that had its heartwood percentage positively and significantly correlated with the dendrometric variables (DBH and commercial height). The use of the dymethil yellow compound was indispensable in defining the heartwood and sapwood regions in the samples from 50% of the stem height. The heartwood permeability was low in all evaluated clones, suggesting vessel obstruction by tyloses or other deposits, while sapwood permeability reached 405.4 cm3/cm.atm.s.

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Epidemic Growth Rates and Host Movement Patterns Shape Management Performance for Pathogen Spillover at The Wildlife-livestock Interface

10.1101/617290 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Kezia R. Manlove ◽

Laura M. Sampson ◽

Benny Borremans ◽

E. Frances Cassirer ◽

Ryan S. Miller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Rates ◽

Life Histories ◽

Animal Health ◽

Movement Patterns ◽

Health Food ◽

Management Options ◽

Management Performance ◽

Fast Growing ◽

Management Actions ◽

Host Movement

ABSTRACTManaging pathogen spillover at the wildlife-livestock interface is a key step toward improving global animal health, food security, and wildlife conservation. However, predicting the effectiveness of management actions across host-pathogen systems with different life histories is an on-going challenge since data on intervention effectiveness are expensive to collect and results are system-specific. We developed a simulation model to explore how the efficacies of different management strategies vary according to host movement patterns and epidemic growth rates. The model suggested that fast-growing, fast-moving epidemics like avian influenza were best-managed with actions like biosecurity or containment, which limited and localized overall spillover risk. For fast-growing, slower-moving diseases like foot-and-mouth disease, depopulation or prophylactic vaccination were competitive management options. Many actions performed competitively when epidemics grew slowly and host movements were limited, and how management efficacy related to epidemic growth rate or host movement propensity depended on what objective was used to evaluate management performance. This framework may be a useful step in advancing how we classify and prioritise responses to novel pathogen spillover threats, and evaluate current management actions for pathogens emerging at the wildlife-livestock interface.

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Quantitative trait locus analysis of growth and wood density in an interspecific pseudo-backcross population of Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla

BMC Proceedings ◽

10.1186/1753-6561-5-s7-p30 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 5 (S7) ◽

Author(s):

ARK Kullan ◽

MM Van Dyk ◽

Nicky Jones ◽

Arnulf Kanzler ◽

Arlene Bayley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Trait Locus ◽

Quantitative Trait Locus Analysis ◽

Wood Density ◽

Quantitative Trait ◽

Eucalyptus Grandis ◽

Backcross Population ◽

Trait Locus

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Phosphorus-utilisation efficiency and leaf-morphology traits of Rytidosperma species (wallaby grasses) that differ in their growth response to phosphorus fertilisation

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt15202 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 64 (1) ◽

pp. 65 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Heidi A. Waddell ◽

Richard J. Simpson ◽

Hans Lambers ◽

Brent Henderson ◽

Megan H. Ryan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Perennial Grasses ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Potential Growth ◽

Fast Growing ◽

Bromus Hordeaceus ◽

P Concentration ◽

Utilisation Efficiency

Rytidosperma species are perennial grasses found in cool temperate grasslands of Australia. The species differ in their intrinsic growth rates, response to phosphorus (P) fertiliser application and critical external P requirements (P required for 90% maximum growth). The present study examined whether internal P-utilisation efficiency (PUE) by Rytidosperma species influenced these differences. The PUE of nine Rytidosperma species and two grasses of Mediterranean origin, Bromus hordeaceus L. and Lolium perenne L., was assessed using alternative measures of shoot P concentration or its reciprocal. No measure of PUE was correlated with the critical external P requirements of the species. One measure of PUE, shoot dry matter per unit P, when assessed at a common shoot P content was correlated with potential growth rate (P < 0.001; r = 0.93; 4 mg shoot P). However, other measures of PUE were not correlated with potential growth rates. All of the fast-growing species (B. hordeaceus, L. perenne, Rytidosperma duttonianum (Cashmore) Connor & Edgar and Rytidosperma richardsonii (Cashmore) Connor & Edgar) exhibited high PUE, whereas PUE varied substantially among the slower-growing species. The fast-growing Rytidosperma species differed in the contribution that area-based P concentration of leaves and specific leaf area (SLA) made to the achievement of high PUE, and they retained shoot-morphology traits normally associated with slow-growing species such as smaller leaf area, smaller SLA and higher leaf dry matter content.

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Heat-Induced Discoloration of Chromophore Structures in Eucalyptus Lignin

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma11091686 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 1686 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Peng Zhang ◽

Yanxia Wei ◽

Yang Liu ◽

Jianmin Gao ◽

Yao Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽

Eucalyptus Grandis ◽

Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽

Magic Angle Spinning ◽

Saturated Steam ◽

Magic Angle ◽

13C Cpmas Nmr ◽

Eucalyptus Wood ◽

Dehydration Reactions

The color changes corresponding to chromophore structures in lignin caused by exposure of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis and E. urophylla) to heat were investigated. Eucalyptus wood powders were heat treated under saturated steam atmospheres for 10 h at 110 °C, 130 °C and 150 °C. The lignin was isolated before and after heat treatment. The physicochemical properties of the lignin and changes in chromophore structures during heat treatment was evaluated through wet chemical analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), diffuse reflectance ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (DRUV-Vis), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and 13C Cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (13C CPMAS NMR). Wood color darkened and reddened with the increase in pressure and temperature. Depolymerization and dehydration reactions occurred via demethoxylation with heat treatment in saturated steam at 110 °C or 130 °C. Lignin condensed to form insoluble compounds after heat treatment in saturated steam at 150 °C. G units increased and S units decreased through demethylation during heat treatment, as revealed by FTIR and 13C-NMR analysis.

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Effects of Initial Soil Properties on Three-Year Performance of Six Tree Species in Tropical Dry Forest Restoration Plantings

Forests ◽

10.3390/f10050428 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 428 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Valentina Carrasco-Carballido ◽

Cristina Martínez-Garza ◽

Héctor Jiménez-Hernández ◽

Flavio Márquez-Torres ◽

Julio Campo

Keyword(s):

Soil Properties ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Tropical Dry Forest ◽

Dry Forest ◽

Diameter Growth ◽

Relative Growth ◽

Fast Growing ◽

Initial Soil ◽

Slow Growing ◽

Fast Growing Species

Deforestation of tropical dry forest reduces soil fertility, with negative effects on future restoration intervention. To evaluate the effect of initial soil properties on three-year performance of six tree species in restoration settings, we measured C, N, and P contents in topsoils of 48 plots under minimal (exclusions of livestock grazing) and maximal (plantings of six native species) restoration intervention during two years in tropical dry forest in central Mexico. Survival and height and diameter relative growth rates were evaluated by species and by growth rank (three fast- and three slow-growing species). After two years, organic C and the C:N ratio increased early during natural succession; these increases might be related to high density of N2-fixing recruits at both intervention levels. Changes in N availability for plants (i.e., NO3− and NH4+ contents) occurred after cattle exclusion. After 40 months, the fast-growing legume Leucaena esculenta (DC.) Benth. had the highest survival (65.55%) and relative growth rate in both height (3.16%) and diameter (5.67%). Fast-growing species had higher survival and diameter growth rates than slow-growing species. Higher diameter growth rates for fast-growing species may be associated with a higher ability to forage for soil resources, whereas similar height growth rates for slow and fast-growing species suggested low competition for light due to slow natural succession at the site. Planted seedlings had higher survival possibly due to initial high NO3− content in the soil. Also, fast-growing species seem to benefit from initially higher pH in the soil. Both soil properties (i.e., pH and NO3−) may be augmented to favor the performance of fast-growing species in restoration plantings and to further accelerate soil recovery in tropical dry forests.

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Epidemic growth rates and host movement patterns shape management performance for pathogen spillover at the wildlife–livestock interface

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2018.0343 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 374 (1782) ◽

pp. 20180343 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kezia R. Manlove ◽

Laura M. Sampson ◽

Benny Borremans ◽

E. Frances Cassirer ◽

Ryan S. Miller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Rates ◽

Life Histories ◽

Animal Health ◽

Movement Patterns ◽

Health Food ◽

Management Options ◽

Management Performance ◽

Fast Growing ◽

Management Actions ◽

Host Movement

Managing pathogen spillover at the wildlife–livestock interface is a key step towards improving global animal health, food security and wildlife conservation. However, predicting the effectiveness of management actions across host–pathogen systems with different life histories is an on-going challenge since data on intervention effectiveness are expensive to collect and results are system-specific. We developed a simulation model to explore how the efficacies of different management strategies vary according to host movement patterns and epidemic growth rates. The model suggested that fast-growing, fast-moving epidemics like avian influenza were best-managed with actions like biosecurity or containment, which limited and localized overall spillover risk. For fast-growing, slower-moving diseases like foot-and-mouth disease, depopulation or prophylactic vaccination were competitive management options. Many actions performed competitively when epidemics grew slowly and host movements were limited, and how management efficacy related to epidemic growth rate or host movement propensity depended on what objective was used to evaluate management performance. This framework offers one means of classifying and prioritizing responses to novel pathogen spillover threats, and evaluating current management actions for pathogens emerging at the wildlife–livestock interface. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Dynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spillover’.

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89 Nutrition and Feeding of the Modern Hyperprolific Sow

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa054.134 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 75-75

Author(s):

Laura L Greiner

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Body Mass ◽

Milk Production ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Environmental Influences ◽

Energy Requirements ◽

Reproductive Tissue ◽

Fast Growing ◽

Amino Acid Requirements

Abstract Over the last 25 years, the sow has developed to have a leaner body mass to address the need for leaner, fast growing offspring. The leaner body mass results in a female that biologically can have a lower feed intake. Furthermore, the number of pigs born per litter and milk production have also increased during the same timeframe. Much research has been conducted over the years to investigate the amino acid and energy requirements of both the lactating and gestating sow; however, application of the research has resulted in varied responses. The varied responses can be related to sow health, environmental influences, litter growth rates, and anticipated body reserve changes during lactation. Furthermore, calculations associated with the regression of reproductive tissue after farrowing can complicate the analysis of amino acid requirements. This presentation will discuss some of the recent research associated with feeding the modern sow, potentially challenging some of the differences in data, and offering some thoughts on looking towards the next 25 years of sow production.

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