scholarly journals 89 Nutrition and Feeding of the Modern Hyperprolific Sow

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 75-75
Author(s):  
Laura L Greiner
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Reproductive Tissue ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

Abstract Over the last 25 years, the sow has developed to have a leaner body mass to address the need for leaner, fast growing offspring. The leaner body mass results in a female that biologically can have a lower feed intake. Furthermore, the number of pigs born per litter and milk production have also increased during the same timeframe. Much research has been conducted over the years to investigate the amino acid and energy requirements of both the lactating and gestating sow; however, application of the research has resulted in varied responses. The varied responses can be related to sow health, environmental influences, litter growth rates, and anticipated body reserve changes during lactation. Furthermore, calculations associated with the regression of reproductive tissue after farrowing can complicate the analysis of amino acid requirements. This presentation will discuss some of the recent research associated with feeding the modern sow, potentially challenging some of the differences in data, and offering some thoughts on looking towards the next 25 years of sow production.

ESTIMATES OF CREEP FEED REQUIREMENTS OF NURSING CALVES AND THE TOTAL ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF BOTH COW AND CALF TO PRODUCE THE WEANED CALF

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. PARKINS ◽  
C. A. MORRIS ◽  
J. W. WILTON
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Cumulative Energy ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Creep Feed

Metabolizable energy and net energy systems were used to calculate creep feed requirements of nursing beef calves. These methods allow estimation of cumulative energy requirements for creep feed of growing calves for any combination of birth weight, rate of weight gain, energy concentration of the diet and level of milk production of the dam. Creep feed requirements estimated by these methods are in reasonable agreement with experimental findings. As examples, the methods were used to calculate creep feed energy requirements and total energy requirements of cows and calves in two situations: (a) combinations of three levels of milk production and three cow sizes where calf growth rate is proportional to cow weight and (b) combination of three levels of milk production and calf growth rates where growth rates are assumed independent of cow size. In the latter situation, the extra energy required for a unit change in output increased with increased liveweight gain, but decreased with increased milk production. Overall biological efficiencies to weaning were also compared (including the annual energy requirements of the cow and the calf in relation to the weight of calf produced at weaning). Generally, for straightbreeding, larger cows of low milk yield were estimated to be more biologically efficient to weaning than smaller cows of high milk yield. When large bulls are mated to smaller cows (giving crossbred calves) those cows with faster growing calves and lower milk yields are biologically more efficient. However, these findings may not coincide with findings for economic efficiency.

Simulation of digestion in cattle fed sugarcane: prediction of nutrient supply for milk production with locally available supplements

1996 ◽  
Vol 127 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Dijkstra ◽  
J. France ◽  
A. G. Assis ◽  
H. D. St. C. Neal ◽  
O. F. Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Host Animal ◽  
Amino Acid Availability ◽  
Microbial Efficiency ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Degradable Protein

SUMMARYA previously described model of digestion in cattle fed sugarcane diets was applied to predict nutrient supply to the host animal from dietary intake, to indicate pre-experimentally the suitability of various supplements to enhance the milk production of dairy cattle in the tropics fed sugarcane–based diets. Potential milk production was calculated according to simulated energy and lipogenic, glucogenic and aminogenic nutrient availability. The addition of small amounts of urea (10 g/kg sugarcane fresh weight) improved microbial efficiency and degradation of substrates in the rumen, but further increases could only be achieved by supplements containing rumen degradable protein. The simulated level of absorbed amino acids was low in comparison with the level of absorbed energy and glucogenic substrates. This low amino acid availability was the factor most limiting milk production on sugarcane diets and supplements which increase the amino acid availability in the gastrointestinal tract are recommended. At increasing supplementation or intake levels, and once amino acid requirements were met, an increased absorption of energy and long chain fatty acids could enhance milk production. These suggestions should be evaluated experimentally in order to improve the model and ultimately, to result in an improved system to evaluate feeds, based on the supply and utilization of individual substrates.

Ruminal and intestinal protein disappearance of some tropical (Iranian) feeds used in dairy cow diets estimated by the mobile nylon bag technique

2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 ◽  
pp. 118-118
Author(s):  
M. Danesh Mesgaran
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Intestinal Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
Feed Protein

In Iran milk production, in dairy cows, is based mainly on intensive systems in which cereals and industrial by-product are the most important source of nutrients. So, high digestible protein feeds are often desired for supplementation of high producing dairy cows to meet their amino acid requirements. Incubation of feeds in nylon bags in the rumen of fistulated ruminants have been used to evaluate the extent of digestion. In addition, the mobile bag technique has been used to measure intestinal digestibility of undegraded dietary protein and intact feed protein (Mesgaran, 2002). The work described in this summary assessed the digestibility of dry matter and protein, using ruminal and intestinal mobile nylon bag technique, of some tropical (Iranian) feeds used in dairy cow diets.

scholarly journals Phenotypic and genetic relationships between growth and feed intake curves and feed efficiency and amino acid requirements in the growing pig

animal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Saintilan ◽  
L. Brossard ◽  
B. Vautier ◽  
P. Sellier ◽  
J. Bidanel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

scholarly journals Impaired Growth Rates in Milk of Lactobacillus helveticus Peptidase Mutants Can Be Overcome by Use of Amino Acid Supplements

2003 ◽  
Vol 185 (11) ◽  
pp. 3297-3306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey E. Christensen ◽  
James L. Steele
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Gene Replacement ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Lactobacillus Helveticus ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Dipeptidyl Aminopeptidase ◽  
Specific Growth Rates ◽  
Broad Specificity

ABSTRACT To evaluate the contribution of intracellular peptidases to the growth of the 14-amino-acid (aa) auxotroph Lactobacillus helveticus CNRZ32, single- and multiple-peptidase-deletion mutants were constructed. Two broad-specificity aminopeptidases (PepC and PepN) and X-prolyl dipeptidyl aminopeptidase (PepX) were inactivated through successive cycles of chromosomal gene replacement mutagenesis. The inactivation of all three peptidases in JLS247 (ΔpepC ΔpepN ΔpepX) did not affect the growth rate in amino acid-defined medium. However, the peptidase mutants generally had decreased specific growth rates when acquisition of amino acids required hydrolysis of the proteins in milk, the most significant result being a 73% increase in generation time for JLS247. The growth rate deficiencies in milk were overcome by amino acid supplements with some specificity to each of the peptidase mutants. For example, milk supplementation with Pro resulted in the most significant growth rate increase for ΔpepX strains and a 7-aa supplement (Asn, Cys, Ile, Pro, Ser, Thr, and Val) resulted in a JLS247 growth rate indistinguishable from that of the wild type. Our results show that characterization of the activities of the broad-specificity aminopeptidases had little predictive value regarding the amino acid supplements found to enhance the milk growth rates of the peptidase mutant strains. These results represent the first determination of the physiological roles with respect to specific amino acid requirements for peptidase mutants grown in milk.

Must Desert Chukars (Alectoris chukar sinaica) Drink Water? Water Influx and Body Mass Changes in Response to Dietary Water Content

The Auk ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Allan Degen ◽  
Berry Pinshow ◽  
Peter J. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Alectoris Chukar ◽  
Water Influx ◽  
Green Vegetation ◽  
Body Mass Changes ◽  
Vegetation Water

Abstract The Chukar subspecies Alectoris chukar sinaica inhabits the Negev desert, which is characterized by hot, dry summers, and little winter rainfall. Vegetation is dry and dormant during the summer and autumn; green, succulent vegetation is available following winter rain. We studied whether or not and under what dietary conditions Chukars require drinking water. Four groups of Chukars in an outdoor aviary received either a dry ration + water, a dry ration + green vegetation, a dry ration + green vegetation + water, or green vegetation only. The birds offered only greens lost 15% of their body mass in the first 8 days and 2.9% over the next 6 days, while birds on the other three treatments maintained body mass. The birds receiving only greens had the highest total body water to body mass ratio and the highest water influx. We concluded that the Chukars receiving only green vegetation met their water requirements but not their maintenance energy requirements. Chukars fulfilled both their water and energy requirements on a dry ration + green vegetation (without drinking water); the green vegetation comprised approximately 60% of their total fresh matter intake, or 26% of their total dry matter intake. Our analysis suggests that wild desert Chukars do not require drinking water from early winter to late spring, when succulent forage is available, but probably need free water during summer and autumn, when the bulk of their diet is seeds.

scholarly journals RAPID COMMUNICATION: Residual feed intake in beef cattle is associated with differences in protein turnover and nutrient transporters in ruminal epithelium

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 2181-2187
Author(s):  
Ahmed A Elolimy ◽  
Emad Abdel-Hamied ◽  
Liangyu Hu ◽  
Joshua C McCann ◽  
Daniel W Shike ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Residual Feed Intake ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome ◽  
Ruminal Epithelium

Abstract Residual feed intake (RFI) is a widely used measure of feed efficiency in cattle. Although the precise biologic mechanisms associated with improved feed efficiency are not well-known, most-efficient steers (i.e., with low RFI coefficient) downregulate abundance of proteins controlling protein degradation in skeletal muscle. Whether cellular mechanisms controlling protein turnover in ruminal tissue differ by RFI classification is unknown. The aim was to investigate associations between RFI and signaling through the mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR) and ubiquitin-proteasome pathways in ruminal epithelium. One hundred and forty-nine Red Angus cattle were allocated to 3 contemporary groups according to sex and herd origin. Animals were offered a finishing diet for 70 d to calculate the RFI coefficient for each. Within each group, the 2 most-efficient (n = 6) and least-efficient animals (n = 6) were selected. Compared with least-efficient animals, the most-efficient animals consumed less feed (P < 0.05; 18.36 vs. 23.39 kg/d DMI). At day 70, plasma samples were collected for insulin concentration analysis. Ruminal epithelium was collected immediately after slaughter to determine abundance and phosphorylation status of 29 proteins associated with MTOR, ubiquitin-proteasome, insulin signaling, and glucose and amino acid transport. Among the proteins involved in cellular protein synthesis, most-efficient animals had lower (P ≤ 0.05) abundance of MTOR, p-MTOR, RPS6KB1, EIF2A, EEF2K, AKT1, and RPS6KB1, whereas MAPK3 tended (P = 0.07) to be lower. In contrast, abundance of p-EEF2K, p-EEF2K:EEF2K, and p-EIF2A:EIF2A in most-efficient animals was greater (P ≤ 0.05). Among proteins catalyzing steps required for protein degradation, the abundance of UBA1, NEDD4, and STUB1 was lower (P ≤ 0.05) and MDM2 tended (P = 0.06) to be lower in most-efficient cattle. Plasma insulin and ruminal epithelium insulin signaling proteins did not differ (P > 0.05) between RFI groups. However, abundance of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter SLC2A4 and the amino acid transporters SLC1A3 and SLC1A5 also was lower (P ≤ 0.05) in most-efficient cattle. Overall, the data indicate that differences in signaling mechanisms controlling protein turnover and nutrient transport in ruminal epithelium are components of feed efficiency in beef cattle.

scholarly journals Influence of Residual Feed Intake and Cow Age on Dry Matter Intake Post-Weaning and Peak Lactation of Black Angus Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1822
Author(s):  
Cory T. Parsons ◽  
Julia M. Dafoe ◽  
Samuel A. Wyffels ◽  
Timothy DelCurto ◽  
Darrin L. Boss
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Residual Feed Intake ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Age Effect ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Two Stages

We evaluated heifer post-weaning residual feed intake (RFI) classification and cow age on dry matter intake (DMI) at two stages of production. Fifty-nine non-lactating, pregnant, (Study 1) and fifty-four lactating, non-pregnant (Study 2) commercial black Angus beef cows were grouped by age and RFI. Free-choice, hay pellets were fed in a GrowSafe feeding system. In Study 1, cow DMI (kg/d) and intake rate (g/min) displayed a cow age effect (p < 0.01) with an increase in DMI and intake rate with increasing cow age. In Study 2, cow DMI (kg/d) and intake rate (g/min) displayed a cow age effect (p < 0.02) with an increase in DMI and intake rate with increasing cow age. Milk production displayed a cow age × RFI interaction (p < 0.01) where both 5–6-year-old and 8–9-year-old low RFI cows produced more milk than high RFI cows. For both studies, intake and intake behavior were not influenced by RFI (p ≥ 0.16) or cow age × RFI interaction (p ≥ 0.21). In summary, heifer’s post-weaning RFI had minimal effects on beef cattle DMI or intake behavior, however, some differences were observed in milk production.

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