Rheology of latex films bonded to wood: influence of cross-linking

Holzforschung ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco López-Suevos ◽  
Charles E. Frazier

Abstract Parallel-plate rheological analysis was conducted on two types of cross-linking poly(vinyl acetate) latex films: dry freestanding films, and dry films bonded directly to wood (composites). For each sample type, three levels of cross-linking were used: (1) little or no cross-linking of unaltered latex; (2) substantial cross-linking through AlCl3 catalysis of N-methylolacrylamide co-monomer; and (3) greater cross-linking from a phenol-formaldehyde resol additive, in addition to AlCl3 catalysis. Simple thermal scans revealed a strong wood/adhesive interaction; wood increased the base polymer T g by ∼5°C in all adhesives. Relative to the simple thermal scans, time-temperature master curves provided more insight and information about the wood/adhesive interaction. Storage modulus and tan δ master curves both indicated that wood retarded adhesive cross-linking. Using time-temperature superposition, a segmental coupling analysis demonstrated that wood actually narrowed the breadth of the glass transition, or reduced segmental coupling. Cross-linking influenced segmental coupling, but in a fashion that was dependent on the presence or absence of wood. Wood-induced reductions in cross-linking and in segmental coupling were attributed to the diffusion of water-soluble reactive compounds away from the adhesive layer and into the bulk wood. Time/temperature equivalence provides a sensitive means to detect interactions between wood and viscoelastic adhesives.

Author(s):  
А.А. Федяев ◽  
А.Н. Чубинский

Исследованию прочности клеевых соединений клееных балок посвящено большое число работ отечественных учёных, анализ которых позволяет выделить существенно влияющие факторы, основными из которых являются влажность и плотность древесины и вид применяемого клея. С увеличением влажности свыше 12% при склеивании карбамидо- и фенолоформальдегидными клеями уровень их адгезионного взаимодействия с древесиной недопустимо снижается. Исследованию подлежали клеевые соединения пиломатериалов различной влажности (6–14%) из сосны и ели на меламинокарбамидоформальдегидных и эмульсионных полимеризоцианатных клеях. Зубчатые шиповые соединения испытывали на прочность при изгибе. Качество склеивания ламелей оценивали прочностью при скалывании вдоль волокон древесины по стандартным методикам. Результаты исследований показали, что широко используемые в настоящее время меламинокарбамидоформальдегидных и эмульсионных полимеризоцианатных клеи менее чувствительны к повышенной влажности древесины. Принципиальное влияние оказывает её плотность. Однако известно, что в процессе эксплуатации древесина стремится к установлению равновесной влажности. Если исходная влажность пиломатериалов в клееной балке 6–14%, то при высокой температуре и низкой относительной влажности внутри помещений древесина будет высыхать, при этом её усушка будет различной в разных частях не только балки, но и каждой ламели как результат неоднородности строения и вызванной ею анизотропии свойств. В результате различной усушки в клеевом слое будут возникать нормальные напряжения способные разрушить клеевое соединение. Опасными являются и касательные напряжения, возникающие в клеевом слое между ламелями разной влажности. Обоснование максимально допустимого различия во влажности смежных ламелей является предметом дальнейших исследований. The study of the strength of glued joints of glued beams has been devoted to a large number of works of domestic scientists, the analysis of which allows us to identify significant factors, the main ones being the moisture and density of wood and the type of glue used. With an increase in moisture content of more than 12% when gluing with urea and phenol-formaldehyde adhesives, the level of their adhesive interaction with wood is unacceptably reduced. Investigation was made of glued joints of sawn timber varying moisture (6–14%) from pine and spruce on melamine-urea- formaldehyde and emulsion polymer-isocyanate glues. Finger joints were tested for strength. The quality of gluing lamellas was evaluated by the shear strength along the wood fibers according to standard methods. The results of the studies showed that the currently widely used melamine-urea -formaldehyde and emulsion polymer-isocyanate adhesives are less sensitive to increased moisture in wood. The principal influence is exerted by its density. However, it is known that in the process of exploitation, wood tends to establish an equilibrium moisture content. If the initial moisture content of the sawn timber in the glued beam is 6–14%, then at high temperature and low relative humidity, the wood will dry up, and its shrinkage will be different in different parts of not only the beam, but also each lamella as a result of uneven distribution of moisture, the heterogeneity of the structure and its anisotropy of properties. As a result of different shrinkage in the adhesive layer, normal stresses capable of destroying the adhesive bond will arise . Dangerous are the tangential stresses arising in the adhesive layer between the lamellas of different moisture content. The rationale for the maximum permissible difference in humidity of adjacent lamellas is the subject of further research.


Holzforschung ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco López-Suevos ◽  
Charles E. Frazier

Abstract A parallel-plate rheological analysis was developed for two types of cross-linking poly(vinyl acetate) latex films: solid freestanding films (neat), and solid films bonded directly to wood substrates (composites). The composite sample glass transition was increased by 5°C relative to the neat films, suggesting a strong interaction through polymer adsorption. Time-temperature equivalence was used to evaluate the mechanical response and the distribution of relaxation times in both systems. The resulting master curves revealed significant differences in the mechanical response during the glass transition: the neat films exhibited a 2.5–3-decade change in storage modulus and a damping factor of 1.65, while the composite samples showed a much smaller transition (approx. 0.3 decades and tan δ=0.4, respectively). The coupling model of Plazek and Ngai adequately described segmental relaxations in the glass transition. It was found that wood caused a small but significant decrease in segmental coupling (n=0.32±0.01) relative to that of the neat PVAc films (n=0.37±0.01). This finding was independently confirmed by directly fitting the Gram-Charlier statistical model to evaluate the distribution breadth. That wood caused an increase in the poly(vinyl acetate) glass transition, but a decrease in the related segmental coupling seems counterintuitive. The decrease in segmental coupling may result from reduced cross-linking in the composite films relative to the neat films; perhaps wood absorbs water-soluble reactive chains that would otherwise increase cross-linking in the neat films.


1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
R C Spaur ◽  
G C Moriarty

The technique for using the water-soluble embedding medium glycol methacrylate has been improved for ultrastructural studies by the simplification of the method of formation of prepolymers used in embedding the tissue, by the addition of a cross-linking agent so that sections are stable in the electron beam, and by improving the softness of the blocks by the addition of a plasticizing agent. The preservation of tissue morphology has been improved by complete dehydration in glycol methacrylate monomer prior to infiltration with the prepolymer. Preservations of tissue morphology is further enhanced by complete dehydration in ethanols and embedding in the improved glycol methacrylate medium.


2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 1357-1361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric R. Welsh ◽  
Ronald R. Price
Keyword(s):  

Holzforschung ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (9) ◽  
pp. 745-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu Hong ◽  
Zhongji Gu ◽  
Ling Chen ◽  
Ping Zhu ◽  
Hailan Lian

AbstractPhenol formaldehyde (PF) resin is a well-tried adhesive for manufacturing laminated veneer lumber (LVL). PF has a high bonding strength, good cold pressing property and contributes a lot to the high production efficiency of LVL. In the present paper, PFs were synthesized at three different alkaline condition levels with a molar formaldehyde to phenol (F/P) ratio of 2.25. The bonding strength of PFs was not influenced by the alkalinity. Compared with PFs synthesized under alkalinity of 1 and 4%, PF with 8% alkalinity formed a resin with a high mole mass (MM), uniform mole mass distribution (MMD) and a high cross-linking density. With PF8%, the cold pressing property could be shortened from 30 to 12 min in the winter time. Cured PF8%had a higher cross-linking density than PF1%and PF4%. PF8%has a high potential for industrial production of LVL.


2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 7577
Author(s):  
Noriyuki Uchida ◽  
Takahiro Muraoka

Peptide-based fibrous supramolecular assemblies represent an emerging class of biomaterials that can realize various bioactivities and structures. Recently, a variety of peptide fibers with attractive functions have been designed together with the discovery of many peptide-based self-assembly units. Cross-linking of the peptide fibers is a key strategy to improve the functions of these materials. The cross-linking of peptide fibers forming three-dimensional networks in a dispersion can lead to changes in physical and chemical properties. Hydrogelation is a typical change caused by cross-linking, which makes it applicable to biomaterials such as cell scaffold materials. Cross-linking methods, which have been conventionally developed using water-soluble covalent polymers, are also useful in supramolecular peptide fibers. In the case of peptide fibers, unique cross-linking strategies can be designed by taking advantage of the functions of amino acids. This review focuses on the current progress in the design of cross-linked peptide fibers and their applications.


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