scholarly journals Does the GNB3 C825T Polymorphism Influence Swimming Performance in Competitive Swimmers?

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Grenda ◽  
Marek Sawczuk ◽  
Mariusz Kaczmarczyk ◽  
Agnieszka Maciejewska ◽  
Danuta Umiastowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Polymorphic Site ◽  
Allele Frequencies ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Specific Analysis ◽  
And Performance ◽  
C825t Polymorphism ◽  
Gnb3 C825t ◽  
Competitive Swimmers

Abstract Single nucleotide polymorphism C825T located within the GNB3 gene has been proposed in the literature as the performance enhancing polymorphism in highly trained athletes. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to verify the hypothesis assuming an association between the C825T polymorphic site and performance of competitive swimmers. The frequencies of C/T alleles and distribution of CC, CT and TT genotypes of the C825T GNB3 polymorphism were compared between athletes and nonathletic controls as well as between sprint and endurance swimmers. Genomic DNA was extracted from 197 competitive swimmers (50 long distance swimmers (LDS) and 147 short distance swimmers (SDS)) and 379 sedentary volunteers. The allele frequencies and genotype distribution of the C825T polymorphic site were not significantly different when LDS and SDS were compared to sedentary controls. Gender-specific analysis did not reveal any significant differences in allele and genotype distribution, neither between female controls and female swimmers nor between male controls and male swimmers. No significant differences in allele frequencies and genotype distribution were observed when LDS and SDS as well as groups of swimmers stratified by gender were compared. The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that the C825T polymorphism of the GNB3 gene is associated with swimming performance in competitive swimmers.

scholarly journals Variation in the Ace Gene in Elite Polish Football Players

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Cięszczyk ◽  
Agata Leońska-Duniec ◽  
Agnieszka Maciejewska-Skrendo ◽  
Marek Sawczuk ◽  
Katarzyna Leźnicka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Football Player ◽  
Allele Frequencies ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Professional Football ◽  
Allele Distribution ◽  
Ace Gene ◽  
Ace Genotype ◽  
And Performance

AbstractPurpose. A common polymorphism in the angiotensin converting enzyme I gene (the ACE I/D variant) represents one of the first characterized and the most widely studied genetic variants in the context of elite athletes status and performance related traits. The aim of the study was to determine the genotype and allele distribution of the allele and genotype of the ACE gene in Polish male football players. Methods. The total of 106 Polish male professional football players were recruited. They were divided into groups according to the position in the field: forwards, defenders, midfielders, and goalkeepers. For controls, samples were prepared with 115 unrelated volunteers. DNA was extracted from the buccal cells donated by the subjects, and the PCR amplification of the polymorphic region of the ACE gene containing either the insertion (I) or deletion (D) fragment was performed. Results. The genotype distribution and allele frequencies among all football players did not differ significantly when compared with sedentary control individuals (p = 0.887, p = 0.999, respectively). Likewise, the analysis of forwards, defenders, midfielders, and goalkeepers revealed no significant differences in either ACE genotype or allele frequencies. Conclusions. We did not provide evidence for difference of variation of the ACE I/D polymorphism between Polish football players and controls, as we did not obtain any statistically significantly higher frequency of either of the analysed alleles (I and D) or genotypes (DD, ID, and II) in the studied subgroups. It may be suspected that harbouring of I/D allelic variants of the ACE gene neither decreases nor increases the probability of being a professional football player in Poland.

scholarly journals Genetic Polymorphisms Related to VO2max Adaptation Are Associated With Elite Rugby Union Status and Competitive Marathon Performance

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Elliott C.R. Hall ◽  
Sandro S. Almeida ◽  
Shane M. Heffernan ◽  
Sarah J. Lockey ◽  
Adam J. Herbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Polymorphisms ◽  
Rugby Union ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Training Adaptation ◽  
Union Status ◽  
Elite Status ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Marathon Performance

Purpose: Genetic polymorphisms have been associated with the adaptation to training in maximal oxygen uptake (). However, the genotype distribution of selected polymorphisms in athletic cohorts is unknown, with their influence on performance characteristics also undetermined. This study investigated whether the genotype distributions of 3 polymorphisms previously associated with training adaptation are associated with elite athlete status and performance characteristics in runners and rugby athletes, competitors for whom aerobic metabolism is important. Methods: Genomic DNA was collected from 732 men including 165 long-distance runners, 212 elite rugby union athletes, and 355 nonathletes. Genotype and allele frequencies of PRDM1 rs10499043 C/T, GRIN3A rs1535628 G/A, and KCNH8 rs4973706 T/C were compared between athletes and nonathletes. Personal-best marathon times in runners, as well as in-game performance variables and playing position, of rugby athletes were analyzed according to genotype. Results: Runners with PRDM1 T alleles recorded marathon times ∼3 minutes faster than CC homozygotes (02:27:55 [00:07:32] h vs 02:31:03 [00:08:24] h, P = .023). Rugby athletes had 1.57 times greater odds of possessing the KCNH8 TT genotype than nonathletes (65.5% vs 54.7%, χ2 = 6.494, P = .013). No other associations were identified. Conclusions: This study is the first to demonstrate that polymorphisms previously associated with training adaptations in nonathletes are also associated with marathon performance (PRDM1) and elite rugby union status (KCNH8). The genotypes and alleles previously associated with superior endurance-training adaptation appear to be advantageous in long-distance running and achieving elite status in rugby union.

Anthropometric and Physiological Characteristics in Young Afro-Caribbean Swimmers: A Preliminary Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Hue ◽  
Sophie Antoine-Jonville ◽  
Olivier Galy ◽  
Stephen Blonc
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Physiological Characteristics ◽  
Jump Height ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Arm Span ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Competitive Swimmers ◽  
Energy Cost Of Swimming

The authors investigated the anthropometric and physiological characteristics of young Guadeloupian competitive swimmers in relation to swimming performance and compared the abilities of these children with those of the young white swimmers reported in the literature. All 2004 competitive swimmers between 10 and 14 y old (126 children, 61 boys and 65 girls, 12.0 ± 1.3 y) from Guadeloupe underwent anthropometric measurements and physiological and performance testing. Six boys on the French national swimming team are referred to hereafter as the 2011 elite subgroup. Anthropometric parameters, a jump-and-reach test, glide, and estimated aerobic power (eVO2max) were assessed in terms of swimming-performance analysis through a 400-m test. This study demonstrated that the Guadeloupian swimmers had more body fat than most age-matched white swimmers but had very poor hydrostatic lift; they had higher peak jump height and they swam as well as their white counterparts. The variability in 400-m performance between subjects was best described by glide, age, and eVO2max. Compared with the group of boys with the same age, the 2011 elite subgroup was significantly better for arm span, peak jump height, glide, and 400-m and 15-m performances. Further research is needed to investigate motor organization and energy cost of swimming in Afro-Caribbean swimmers.

Possible association between G-protein β3 subunit C825T polymorphism and antipsychotic-induced restless legs syndrome in schizophrenia

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 351-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung-Gul Kang ◽  
Heon-Jeong Lee ◽  
Jung-Eun Choi ◽  
Jae-Hong Park ◽  
Sang-Shin Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
Restless Legs Syndrome ◽  
Dopamine D2 Receptor ◽  
D2 Receptor ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Restless Legs ◽  
C825t Polymorphism ◽  
Gnb3 C825t

Objective:The incidence of restless legs syndrome (RLS) is presumed to be higher among people with schizophrenia who take antipsychotic medication, most of which blocks the dopamine D2 receptor. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the G-protein β3 subunit (GNB3) C825T polymorphism is associated with antipsychotic-induced RLS in schizophrenia.Methods:We examined 178 Korean patients with schizophrenia. All of the subjects were evaluated using the diagnostic criteria of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group and the International Restless Legs Scale. Genotyping was performed for the C825T polymorphism in the GNB3 gene.Results:The genotype distribution did not differ significantly between antipsychotic-induced RLS patients and patients who had no-RLS symptoms (χ2 = 4.30, p = 0.116). The genotypes of the C825T single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) were classified into two groups: C+ (CC and CT genotypes) and C– (TT genotype). The presence of the C allele (C+) was associated with an increased likelihood of RLS (χ2 = 4.14, p = 0.042; odds ratio = 2.56, 95% confidence interval = 1.02–6.47).Conclusions:These results suggest that the GNB3 C825T SNP is associated with RLS in schizophrenia. However, confirming this association requires future larger scale studies in which the effects of medication are strictly controlled.

scholarly journals Adherence to the Mediterranean diet, is there any relationship with main indices of central fat in adolescent competitive swimmers?

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-118
Author(s):  
Cesare Altavilla ◽  
Annabelle Joulianos ◽  
José Miguel Comeche Guijarro ◽  
Pablo Caballero Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Healthy Eating Habits ◽  
Central Fat ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Competitive Swimmers

Introduction: The relationship between adherence to the mediterranean diet and central fat of adolescent competitive swimmers is under-studied. The fat component is interesting because of its relationship to the horizontal floatation and speed during the swimming performance. An accumulation of central fat is considered a negative factor for health and performance. This study aimed to check the degree of adherence to the mediterranean diet and its relationship with some indices of central fat in competitive adolescent swimmers. Material and method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out. 74 adolescent swimmers participated in the study (males n= 34, 14.5 ± 1.3 y.o., females n= 40, 13.6 ± 1.2 y.o.). The swimmers completed the KIDMED questionnaire to assess their adherence to the mediterranean diet. A II level ISAK anthropometrist carried out the anthropometric data collection at the beginning of the evening swimming session. Results: The swimmers showed a medium adherence to the mediterranean diet. Male and female swimmers showed similar KIDMED index score (males 8.09 ± 1.5, females 7.23 ± 2.2). Age seems to be a detrimental factor in the adherence to the mediterranean diet during adolescence. Female swimmers showed a significant lower waist/hip ratio compared to males (-0.028; p = 0.01). The adherence to the mediterranean diet was not correlated with the anthropometric measures of central fat. Conclusions: Regardless of the adherence to the mediterranean diet, elevated swimming activity maintains indices of central fat in healthy values. Despite there was no correlation between adherence to the mediterranean diet and the anthropometric measures of central fat, there are reasons related to health to improve healthy eating habits of adolescent competitive swimmers.

A 3-min All-out Upper-body Ergometer Test For Competitive Swimmers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolai Baastrup Nordsborg ◽  
Jerónimo Aragón-Vela ◽  
Thomas Bonne ◽  
Magni Mohr
Keyword(s):  
Peak Power ◽  
Critical Speed ◽  
Critical Power ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Elite Swimmers ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Ergometer Test ◽  
Competitive Swimmers

AbstractWe examined the application of a land-based swimming ergometer 3-min all-out test to determine physiological predictors of swimming performance. Fourteen young elite swimmers participated (males: n=6; females: n=8). The swimmers completed two 3-min upper-body all-out tests on a swimming ergometer. Additionally, the swimmers completed freestyle swim races ranging from 50 m to 1500 m. High test-retest reproducibility (r=0.98 and coefficient of variation values <7.5%) was evident for ergometer derived peak, mean and critical power. Very strong correlations (r>0.87, p<0.001) were obtained between the 200-, 400-, 800- and 1500-m swimming performances and derived critical speed. Moreover, correlations were found between peak force and peak power and 50-m performance, in addition to critical power and performance for all distances. The critical speed was the dominant predictor of 200- to 1500-m performances (r=0.84−0.99). In conclusion, the land-based 3-min all-out swimming ergometer test is reliable and valid in predicting swimming performance in competitive swimmers and evaluates important physiological components in swimmers independent of technical abilities.

scholarly journals How cold is too cold? Establishing the minimum water temperature limits for marathon swim racing

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (17) ◽  
pp. 1078-1084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Saycell ◽  
Mitch Lomax ◽  
Heather Massey ◽  
Mike Tipton
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Linear Rate ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Open Water Swimming ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Competitive Swimmers

ObjectivesTo provide a rationale for minimum water temperature rules for elite and subelite marathon swim racing and highlight factors that make individuals vulnerable to excessive cooling during open water swimming.Methods12 lean competitive swimmers swam for up to 2 hours, three times in different water temperatures between 14°C and 20°C, wearing standard swimming costumes and hats. Rectal temperature (Tre), oxygen consumption, perception of cold and performance were measured.ResultsIn 16°C, half the swimmers did not complete a 2-hour swim; four became (or were predicted to become) hypothermic within 2 hours. In 18°C, three-quarters completed the swim; three became (or were predicted to become) hypothermic. In 20°C, one swimmer was predicted to become hypothermic in under 2 hours. The mean linear rate of fall of Tre was greater in 16°C (−1.57°C/hour) than 18°C (−1.07°C/hour) (p=0.03). There was no change in swimming performance during the swims or between conditions. Most of the cooling rate could be explained by metabolic heat production and morphology for both 16°C (R2=0.94, p<0.01) and 18°C (R2=0.82, p<0.01) conditions. No relationship was observed between Tre and perception of thermal sensation (r=0.25, p=0.13), and there was a weak correlation between Tre and thermal comfort (r=0.32, p=0.04).ConclusionWe recommend that 16°C and 18°C water are too cold for elite marathon swim racing. FédérationInternationale de Natation rules were changed in 2017 to make wetsuits compulsory below 18°C and optional below 20°C.

scholarly journals Selecting sorting centres to avoid long distance transport of weaned beef calves

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Morel-Journel ◽  
E. Vergu ◽  
J.-B. Mercier ◽  
N. Bareille ◽  
P. Ezanno
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Long Distance Transport ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Distance Transport ◽  
French Beef ◽  
General Concern

AbstractThe transport of weaned calves from cow–calf producers to fatteners is a general concern for the young bull industry due to its documented negative impact on the welfare, health and performance of the animals. These transfers are often managed by intermediaries who transport weaned calves to sorting centres, where they are grouped into batches before being sent to fattening units. In this study, we present an algorithm to limiting these transfer distances by appropriately selecting the sorting centre through which they must go. We tested the effectiveness of this algorithm on historical data from a French beef producer organization managing 136,892 transfers using 13 sorting centres. The results show a decrease in the transfer distances compared to the historical record, especially for the calves travelling over long distances (− 76 km, i.e. 18% on average for the 33% longest transfers). Moreover, the distribution of calves between the sorting centres proposed by the algorithm reveals differences in their efficiency in minimizing transfer distances. In addition to its usefulness as a management tool for the daily transport of cattle, this algorithm provides prospects for improving the management of the sorting centres themselves.

scholarly journals Body Flexibility Enhances Maneuverability in the World’s Largest Predator

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
P S Segre ◽  
D E Cade ◽  
J Calambokidis ◽  
F E Fish ◽  
A S Friedlaender ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Ocean ◽  
The Body ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Active Surfaces ◽  
Aquatic Locomotion ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Control ◽  
Blue Whales ◽  
Control Surfaces ◽  
Complex Trajectories

Abstract Blue whales are often characterized as highly stable, open-ocean swimmers who sacrifice maneuverability for long-distance cruising performance. However, recent studies have revealed that blue whales actually exhibit surprisingly complex underwater behaviors, yet little is known about the performance and control of these maneuvers. Here, we use multi-sensor biologgers equipped with cameras to quantify the locomotor dynamics and the movement of the control surfaces used by foraging blue whales. Our results revealed that simple maneuvers (rolls, turns, and pitch changes) are performed using distinct combinations of control and power provided by the flippers, the flukes, and bending of the body, while complex trajectories are structured by combining sequences of simple maneuvers. Furthermore, blue whales improve their turning performance by using complex banked turns to take advantage of their substantial dorso-ventral flexibility. These results illustrate the important role body flexibility plays in enhancing control and performance of maneuvers, even in the largest of animals. The use of the body to supplement the performance of the hydrodynamically active surfaces may represent a new mechanism in the control of aquatic locomotion.

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