Increased Prevalence of the IL-6 -174C Genetic Polymorphism in Long Distance Swimmers

AbstractThe IL-6 -174G/C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) functionally affects IL-6 activity, with the G-allele associated with increased IL-6 levels. The C-allele was found to be associated with exercise-induced skeletal muscle damage. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between the IL-6 -174G/C polymorphism and athletic performance among elite swimmers and runners. The study sample included 180 track and field athletes and 80 swimmers. Track and field athletes were assigned to three sub-groups: long-distance runners, middle-distance runners and short-distance runners. Swimmers were assigned to two subgroups: long-distance swimmers and short-distance swimmers. The control group consisted of 123 non-athletic healthy individuals. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood following a standard protocol. Genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The CC genotype and C-allele frequency were significantly higher in the long-distance swimmers (18 and 43%, respectively) compared to the long-distance runners (3 and 14%, respectively, p < 0.001); middle-distance runners (4 and 22%, respectively, p < 0.001); and controls (5 and 19%, respectively, p < 0.001). In addition, the CC genotype and C-allele frequency were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in long-distance swimmers compared to short-distance swimmers (18 versus 5% and 43 versus 29% for the CC genotype and C-allele frequency, respectively). The higher frequency of the C-allele and CC genotype among long-distance swimmers suggests that the rarity of exercise-associated rhabdomyolysis among swimmers is probably related to other sports-specific or water-related protective mechanisms. It is possible that swimming selection in talented endurance athletes who are C-allele carriers represents an example of genetically-dependent sports selection.

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Prevalence of ACSL (rs6552828) polymorphism among runners

Acta Kinesiologiae Universitatis Tartuensis ◽

10.12697/akut.2018.24.09 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 ◽

pp. 121-128

Author(s):

Sigal Ben-Zaken ◽

Yoav Meckel ◽

Dan Nemet ◽

Alon Eliakim

Keyword(s):

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽

Genetic Basis ◽

Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽

Professional Athletes ◽

Distance Runners ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽

Long Distance ◽

Single Nucleotide ◽

The Common

The ACSL A/G polymorphism is associated with endurance trainability. Previous studies have demonstrated that homozygotes of the minor AA allele had a reduced maximal oxygen consumption response to training compared to the common GG allele homozygotes, and that the ACSL A/G single nucleotide polymorphism explained 6.1% of the variance in the VO2max response to endurance training. The contribution of ACSL single nucleotide polymorphism to endurance trainability was shown in nonathletes, however, its potential role in professional athletes is not clear. Moreover, the genetic basis to anaerobic trainability is even less studied. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence of ACSL single nucleotide polymorphism among professional Israeli long distance runners (n=59), middle distance runners (n=31), sprinters and jumpers (n=48) and non-athletic controls (n=60). The main finding of the present study was that the ACSL1 AA genotype, previously shown to be associated with reduced endurance trainability, was not higher among sprinters and jumpers (15%) compared to middle- (16%) and long-distance runners (15%). This suggests that in contrast to previous studies indicating that the ACSL1 single nucleotide polymorphism may influence endurance trainability among non-athletic individuals, the role of this polymorphism among professional athletes is still not clear.

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Association between the FTO A/T Polymorphism and Elite Athlete Status in Caucasian Swimmers

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes12050715 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 715

Author(s):

Piotr Zmijewski ◽

Agata Leońska-Duniec

Keyword(s):

Real Time Pcr ◽

Athletic Performance ◽

Elite Athlete ◽

International Competition ◽

Control Group ◽

Allelic Association ◽

Fto Gene ◽

Long Distance ◽

Allelic Distribution ◽

Elite Swimmers

The FTO A/T polymorphism (rs9939609) has been strongly associated with body mass-related traits in nonathletic populations, but rarely with elite athletic performance. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between the A/T polymorphism and athlete status in elite swimmers. Polish swimmers (n = 196) who competed in national and international competition at short- (SDS; 50–200 m; n = 147) and long-distance events (LDS; ≥400 m; n = 49) were recruited. The control group included 379 unrelated, sedentary young participants. The participants were all Caucasians. Genotyping was carried out using real-time PCR. It was found that the chance of being an elite swimmer was lower in carriers of the AT and AA genotype compared with TT homozygotes (1.5 and 2.0 times, respectively). These findings were confirmed in an allelic association; the A allele was less frequent in the swimmers compared with controls (p = 0.004). However, when SDS were compared against LDS, no significant differences were observed in genotypic and allelic distribution. The results of our experiment suggest that the variation within the FTO gene can affect elite athlete status. It was demonstrated that harboring the T allele may be beneficial for achieving success in a sport such as swimming.

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Interval Training with Active Recovery and the Physical Capacity of Recreational Male Runners

Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism ◽

10.2478/pjst-2018-0022 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 15-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kamil Michalik ◽

Szymon Glinka ◽

Natalia Danek ◽

Marek Zatoń

Keyword(s):

Aerobic Power ◽

Statistical Tests ◽

Training Session ◽

Interval Training ◽

Physical Capacity ◽

Control Group ◽

Active Recovery ◽

Distance Runners ◽

Continuous Training ◽

Long Distance

Abstract Introduction. So far there have been few studies on the effect of interval training with active recovery aimed at increasing aerobic power on the physical capacity of long-distance runners. Unlike standard interval training, this particular type of interval training does not include passive rest periods but combines high-intensity training with low-intensity recovery periods. The aims of the study were to determine the effect of aerobic power training implemented in the form of interval training with active recovery on the physical capacity of amateur long-distance runners as well as to compare their results against those of a group of runners who trained in a traditional manner and only performed continuous training. Material and methods. The study involved 12 recreational male long-distance runners, who were randomly divided into two groups, consisting of 6 persons each. Control group C performed continuous training 3 times a week (for 90 minutes, with approximately 65-85% VO2max). Experimental group E participated in one training session similar to the one implemented in group C and additionally performed interval training with active recovery twice a week. The interval training included a 20-minute warm-up and repeated running sprints of maximum intensity lasting 3 minutes (800-1,000 m). Between sprints, there was a 12-minute bout of running with an intensity of approximately 60-70% VO2max. The time of each repetition was measured, and the first one was treated as a benchmark in a given training unit. If the duration of a subsequent repetition was 5% shorter than that of the initial repetition, the subjects underwent a 15-minute cool-down period. A progressive treadmill test was carried out before and after the 7-week training period. The results were analysed using non-parametric statistical tests. Results. VO2max increased significantly both in group E (p < 0.05; d = 0.86) and C (p < 0.05; d = 0.71), and there was an improvement in effort economy at submaximal intensity. Although the differences were not significant, a much greater change in the post-exercise concentrations of lactate and H+ ions was found in group E. Conclusions. The study showed that interval training with active recovery increased VO2max in amateur runners with higher initial physical capacity and stimulated adaptation to metabolic acidosis more than continuous training.

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Exercise-Induced Urinary Abnormalities in Long-Distance Runners

International Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1055/s-2008-1025912 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 05 (05) ◽

pp. 237-240 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

P. Gilli ◽

E. De Paoli Vitali ◽

G. Tataranni ◽

A. Farinelli

Keyword(s):

Distance Runners ◽

Long Distance ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

Urinary Abnormalities

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Glucose Uptake Patterns in Exercised Skeletal Muscles of Elite Male Long-Distance and Short-Distance Runners

The Chinese Journal of Physiology ◽

10.4077/cjp.2010.amk016 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 53 (2) ◽

pp. 91-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Suh-Jun Tai

Keyword(s):

Glucose Uptake ◽

Short Distance ◽

Skeletal Muscles ◽

Distance Runners ◽

Long Distance

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Cardiovascular responses to static exercise in distance runners and weight lifters

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1980.49.4.676 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 49 (4) ◽

pp. 676-683 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

J. C. Longhurst ◽

A. R. Kelly ◽

W. J. Gonyea ◽

J. H. Mitchell

Keyword(s):

Exercise Training ◽

Cardiovascular Response ◽

Cardiovascular Responses ◽

Weight Lifting ◽

Volume Index ◽

Control Group ◽

Static Exercise ◽

Distance Runners ◽

Long Distance ◽

Weight Lifters

Sixty individuals including 17 competitive weight lifters (CWL), 12 competitive long-distance runners (LDR), 7 amateur (noncompetitive) weight lifters (AWL), 14 heavy controls (HC), and 10 light controls (LC) were studied at supine rest and during static exercise at 40% of maximal voluntary contraction. Blood pressures were similar in all groups at rest (R) and exercise (EX), but the heart rate (HR) and calculated double product (DP) of the LDR were lower at rest (HR: 53 +/- 2.9 beats/min, DP: 6,346 +/- 402) and at fatigue (HR: 78 +/- 5.4 beats/min. DP: 12,739 +/- 1,011) compared to the control group (R-HR: 69 +/- 2.2 beats/min, DP: 8,553 +/- 372; EX-HR: 97 +/- 3.5 beats/min, DP: 16,345 +/- 836). The LDR demonstrated higher end-diastolic volume index (EDVI) and higher end-systolic volume index (ESVI) at rest (EDVI: 84 +/- 3.7, ESVI: 31 +/- 2.7 ml/m2) and at the time of fatigue (EDVI: 90 +/- 5, ESVI: 37 +/- 2.7 ml/m2) compared to the LC group (R-EDVI: 61 +/- 4.4, ESVI: 22 +/- 2.2; EX-EDVI: 75 +/- 3.4, ESVI: 27 +/- 3.2 ml/m2). The CWL, AWL, and control groups had similar HR, DP, and cardiac volumes at rest and during exercise. These data suggest that competitive endurance (dynamic exercise) training alters the cardiovascular response to static exercise. On the other hand, weight lifting (static exercise) training does not alter the cardiovascular response to static exercise.

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Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Use and Endurance During Running in Male Long-Distance Runners

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-49.5.04 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 50 (3) ◽

pp. 295-302 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Eduardo Da Silva ◽

Ronei S. Pinto ◽

Eduardo L. Cadore ◽

Luiz F. Kruel

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Consumption ◽

Placebo Group ◽

Muscle Damage ◽

Endurance Performance ◽

Distance Runners ◽

Long Distance ◽

Inflammatory Drug ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

Ibuprofen Group

Context: The effect of ibuprofen on pain tolerance during exercise is controversial, and its effects on endurance performance have been poorly investigated. Objective: To investigate the effect of prophylactic administration of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen on the time until the self-report of fatigue (tlim) in runners with exercise-induced muscle damage. Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Twenty healthy male long-distance runners (age = 18.8 ± 0.4 years, maximal oxygen consumption = 55.5 ± 5.9 mL·kg−1·min−1). Intervention(s): Participants were assigned to 2 groups (ibuprofen group = 10, placebo group = 10) to perform tlim trials (speed corresponded to their previously determined secondventilatory thresholds) 48 hours before and 48 hours after the induction of a lower limb muscle-damage protocol (isokinetic dynamometry). One hour before the second tlim trial, the ibuprofen group received 1.2 g ibuprofen, and the placebo group received lactose orally. Main Outcome Measure(s): Time until self-reported fatigue, heart rate, respiratory quotient, oxygen consumption, and perceived exertion were recorded during each tlim test. Results: Both groups reported increases in muscle pain in the knee extensors and flexors 48 hours after the muscle-damage protocol. We observed a reduction in the endurance performance of both groups (P < .01) but no difference between groups (P = .55). Conclusions: Ibuprofen did not reduce the effect of muscle damage and pain on performance. Prophylactic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs did not have an ergogenic effect on running performance after exercise-induced muscle damage in male long-distance runners.

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Zinc and Copper Biochemical Indices of Antioxidant Status in Elite Athletes of Different Modalities

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.14.3.358 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 358-372 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Josely C. Koury ◽

Astrogildo V. de Oliveira ◽

Emílson S. Portella ◽

Cyntia F. de Oliveira ◽

Gustavo C. Lopes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Superoxide Dismutase ◽

Short Distance ◽

Antioxidant Status ◽

Elite Athletes ◽

High Impact ◽

Superoxide Dismutase Activity ◽

Distance Runners ◽

Long Distance ◽

Zinc Superoxide Dismutase ◽

Biochemical Indices

The purpose of this study was lo compare zinc and copper biochemical indices of antioxidant status and their relationship in elite athletes of different modalities: aerobic with high-impact (triathletes, n = 10 and long-distance runners, n = 12), anaerobic with high-impact (short-distance runners, n = 9), and anaerobic with low-impact (short-distance swimmers, n = 13). The influence of recent dietary intake and body composition was also evaluated. A venous blood sample was drawn 16-20 hr after competition for the following measurements: packed-cell volume and hemoglobin in blood; copper and zinc in plasma and erythrocytes; ceruloplasmin in plasma; superoxide dismutase activity and metal-lothionein in erythrocyles; and erythrocyte osmotic fragility. Zinc and copper intakes were not different in the athlete groups and did not affect the biochemical indices measured. Athletes of the long-distance high-impact aerobic modalities had higher indices of antioxidant protection (erythrocyte zinc, superoxide dismutase activity, and metallothionein) than those of the short-distance low-impact modalities, suggesting that there is adaptation of the antioxidant capacity to the specific training. Significant correlations were observed in all athletes between erythrocyte zinc, superoxide dismutase activity, and metallothionein consistent with the importance of an adequate zinc status in the response of antioxidant mechanisms to intense exercise.

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Cryotherapy Models and Timing-Sequence Recovery of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Middle- and Long-Distance Runners

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-529-18 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 55 (4) ◽

pp. 329-335

Author(s):

Chaoyi Qu ◽

Zhaozhao Wu ◽

Minxiao Xu ◽

Fei Qin ◽

Yanan Dong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscle Damage ◽

Cold Water ◽

Water Immersion ◽

Whole Body ◽

Strenuous Exercise ◽

Distance Runners ◽

Long Distance ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

Recovery Methods

Context Among sports-recovery methods, cold-water immersion (CWI), contrast-water therapy (CWT), and whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) have been applied widely to enhance recovery after strenuous exercise. However, the different timing effects in exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) after these recovery protocols remain unknown. Objective To compare the effects of CWI, CWT, and WBC on the timing-sequence recovery of EIMD through different indicator responses. Design Crossover study. Setting Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants Twelve male middle- and long-distance runners from the Beijing Sport University (age = 21.00 ± 0.95 years). Intervention(s) Participants were treated with different recovery methods (control [CON], CWI, CWT, WBC) immediately postexercise and at 24, 48, and 72 hours postexercise. Main Outcome Measure(s) We measured perceived sensation using a visual analog scale (VAS), plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity, plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) activity, and vertical-jump height (VJH) pre-exercise, immediately postexercise, and at 1, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours postexercise. Results For the VAS score and CK activity, WBC exhibited better timing-sequence recovery effects than CON and CWI (P < .05), but the CWT demonstrated better effects than CON (P < .05). The CRP activity was lower after WBC than after the other interventions (P < .05). The VJH was lower after WBC than after CON and CWI (P < .05). Conclusions The WBC positively affected VAS, CK, CRP, and VJH associated with EIMD. The CWT and CWI also showed positive effects. However, for the activity and timing-sequence effect, CWT had weaker effects than WBC.

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