The Baltic *-ā́-illative

2021 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-84
Author(s):  
Norbert Ostrowski
Keyword(s):  
Primary State ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Anaphoric Pronoun ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
At Home

Abstract The Lithuanian-Latvian illative was formed from the IE accusativus directivus and the local postposition *-ā́. Traces of the postponed *-ā́ have been preserved in yrà ‘is, are; OLith. there is, there are’ < *ī-r-ā́, and Lith. čià ‘here’ < *tj-ā́. Typologically, the Baltic illative can be compared to Greek derivatives with -δε, e.g. οἴκα-δε ‘homewards; at home’. As for the origin of the postponed *-ā́, two hypotheses can be formulated: 1. *-ā́ comes from the IE allative postposition *-eh₂ (see Hajnal 1992); 2. *-ā́ boils down to the instr. sg. of the anaphoric pronoun *h₁o-h₁. The primary illative plural ended in -s-ā́, e.g. OLith. (debesisa) ‘into heaven’. The postposition -na, which can be found e.g. in the ill. pl. miškúosna ‘into forests’, is an innovation resulting from reanalysis of the acc. sg. *-n + *-ā́ → *-nā́. The neutralisation of the privative opposition inessive : illative originally comprised an area much larger than today’s and included the West Aukštaitian dialect. The starting point of this neutralisation was plural forms. This primary state of affairs has remained until the present day in East Aukštaitian in the north from the line Raguva-Ukmergė-Molėtai-Salakas, where inessive sg. and illative sg. are distinguished, but inessive pl. and illative pl. are not, due to apocope of the final vowel, i.e. píevos ‘on meadows’ (= iness. pl. píevose) alongside píevos ‘onto meadows’ (= ill. pl. píevosna) (Zinkevičius 1966: 201). In the privative opposition inessive : illative, the illative form derived from the IE accusative of direction is the marked member of the opposition.

The Arctic Caledonides and earlier Oceans

1972 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. B. Harland ◽  
R. A. Gayer
Keyword(s):  
Barents Sea ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Lomonosov Ridge ◽  
The Urals ◽  
The West ◽  
East Greenland ◽  
The North ◽  
Scandinavian Caledonides ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
North Greenland

SummaryConsideration of the arctic configuration of the Caledonides leads to a distinction between eastern and western geosynclinal belts. The western belt, comprising the East Greenland, East Svalbard and southern Barents Sea Caledonides is postulated to continue northwards into the Lomonosov Ridge, whilst the western Spitsbergen Caledonides are thought to have originated as part of the North Greenland geosyncline which is also thought to continue northwards to form the western part of the Lomonosov Ridge. The eastern Caledonian geosynclinal belt comprising the Scandinavian Caledonides appears to swing eastwards to link with the Timan Chain and possibly the Urals.The already postulated (‘Proto-Atlantic’) ocean concept is reviewed in the light of the Arctic Caledonides and named Iapetus. Faunal provincialism suggests that the ocean was in existence up to early Ordovician but had substantially closed by mid Ordovician times. Possible relics of the suture marking the closure of this ocean suggest that it lay to the west of the Arctic Scandinavian Caledonides trending NE to latitude 70° N and thence veered eastwards separating the southern Barents Sea Caledonides from those of Arctic Scandinavia, possibly connecting with the northern Uralian ocean. A previous branch of the ocean may have separated East Svalbard and East Greenland as an ocean-like trough. A further (pre-Arctic) ocean may have existed to the north of the North Greenland–Lomonosov Ridge geosynclines. This is named Pelagus.The closure of these oceanic areas and the deformation of the bordering geosynclines delineates three principal continental plates, namely, Baltic, Greenland and Barents Plates. Their relative dominantly E–W motion up to Silurian times produced compression between the Greenland and both the Baltic and Barents plates but dextral transpression and transcurrence between the latter plates. In Late Silurian to Devonian times an increasing northward component controlled late Caledonian transpression and sinistral transcurrence between the Greenland plate and the combined Baltic and Barents plates.

Connect and Divide

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-219
Author(s):  
Eike-Christian Heine
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Military Strategy ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
The North ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Kiel Canal

The Kiel Canal (built between 1886 and 1895) connects the North Sea and the Baltic for seagoing vessels, yet, being 100 km long, about 10 m deep and 100 m wide, it also divides a landscape. This finding is the starting point for analysing the effects of infrastructure that facilitates communication and exchange but also produces obstructions and rivalries. This article explores the ambiguous effects this piece of infrastructure had on politics, technology, labour, trade and military strategy. The ‘deep ditch’ also had severe environmental consequences that were palpable until well into the twentieth century. By considering both the ‘positive’ and the ‘negative’ of the waterway, the narrative of ‘connect-and-divide’ avoids the still-too-often told affirmative story of transport infrastructure. Instead, it and opens the outlook to a multi-faceted history of transport infrastructures.

scholarly journals I. Medieval Architecture in Aquitaine; in continuation of previous Papers. A Letter addressed to the Viscount Mahon, President

Archaeologia ◽  
1855 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
John Henry Parker
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Medieval Architecture ◽  
Narrow Strip ◽  
The North ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Rapid Passage

In my last letter I carried the account of my architectural Tour in the English provinces of France as far as Bordeaux; the following year I made this my starting point, and traversed the length of the ancient province of Guienne, which it is hardly necessary to ohserve is a long and rather narrow strip across the south of France, extending from Bordeaux in the west, nearly to Lyons in the east, leaving Gascony and Languedoc in the south, and other smaller provinces to the north. I have paid no attention to the modern division of the country into departments, it not being material to my purpose; and my rapid passage from one department to another would have caused great confusion in describing my route.

scholarly journals Baltic labour in the crucible of capitalist exploitation: Reassessing ‘post-communist’ transformation

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Bieler ◽  
Jokubas Salyga
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
Historical Materialist ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
At Home

Thirty years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, this article re-assesses ‘post-communist’ transformation in the Baltic countries from the perspective of labour. The argument is based on a historical materialist approach focusing on the social relations of production as a starting point. It is contended that the uneven and combined unfolding of ‘post-communist’ transformation has subjected Baltic labour to doubly constituted exploitation processes. First, workers in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania have suffered from extreme neoliberal restructuring of economic and employment relations at home. Second, migrant workers from Central and Eastern Europe in general, trying to escape exploitation at home, have faced another set of exploitative dynamics in host countries in Western Europe such as the UK. Nevertheless, workers have continued to challenge exploitation in Central and Eastern Europe and also in Western Europe, and have been active in extending networks of transnational solidarity across the continent. JEL Codes: E11, E24, J61

scholarly journals Analisis Trafik Pengguna XL Axiata Jakarta Selama Pandemi Covid-19 dengan Menggunakan Metode Regresi Linier

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-32
Author(s):  
Diana Dyah Damayanti ◽  
Theresiawati ◽  
Kraugusteeliana
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Data Processing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Traffic Data ◽  
Mining Method ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Processing Data ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
At Home

2020 is a very disturbing year for the whole world because in 2020 there is a deadly virus, the virus is called Covid-19. The Indonesian government has a strategy to deal with the Covid-19 virus, namely by implementing Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB). Where the implementation of this PSBB requires residents to do more activities at home. To carry out activities at home, internet access is needed. Therefore, providers are the companies that benefit the most, providers are companies that provide internet services, one of which is XL Axiata. During the Covid-19 pandemic, XL Axiata company wants to conduct analysis for XL Axiata in the next year, whether the traffic of XL Axiata users has increased or decreased and how many devices need to be upgraded or safe. In conducting this analysis, it is necessary to perform fast data processing, data processing using the Data Mining method with Linear Regression techniques. The data to be processed will be obtained from the XL Axiata company, namely XL Axiata traffic data. By processing data using Linear Regression results in future predictions, the West Jakarta Municipality has increased per week by an average of 0.12%, the East Jakarta Municipality has decreased per week by an average of 0.27%, the Central Jakarta Municipality experiences the decline per week by an average of 2.31%, the South Jakarta Municipality experienced an increase per week by an average of 1.17%, and in the North Jakarta Municipality it decreased per week by an average of 0.12%.  

Migration as a Theologizing Experience

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Corrie
Keyword(s):  
Religious Identity ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
Secular Culture ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Migrant People ◽  
The Way ◽  
At Home

Abstract The suggestion by Hanciles that migration is a “theologizing experience” is the starting point for exploring the way in which mission in a western context, in partnership with non-western migrants, can be a mutually transforming experience. Hanciles suggests that non-western migrant people bring a new paradigm of mission which is radically different from the way Western mission has been done in the past because it offers itself in weakness, risk, diversity, and dependency. However, theologically and experientially, migration brings with it many ambiguities and creative tensions, which means that Hanciles’ analysis may need to be more nuanced. In particular the notion that migrants are involved in a “reverse mission” to the West “from below” which characterizes the new paradigm has a number of problems in reality. This is explored particularly in a British context, in which we find that the contribution of migrants to mission, though sometimes encouraging, is varied, and that issues which have mired western mission in the past are re-appearing “in reverse”. It is therefore suggested that a mutual inter culturality between migrants and indigenous Western churches from the very beginning of the encounter may provide the promise of a more transformative mission experience. They have more in common than they realize: the irony is that the western church finds itself also in a situation of “exile”, though in a very different sense. Marginalized, alien to the secular culture, in decline, with their religious identity no longer “at home”, the Western Christian experience of exile resonates with the migrant experience of exile, which is ground for a genuine partnership in mission. It is concluded that mission as a theologizing experience can work for transformative mission where there is genuine interculturality, and that this could mitigate the problems of thinking of migrant mission purely in terms of “reverse mission”.

The Foreign Office, the French and the post-war division of Germany 1945–46

1986 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-234
Author(s):  
John W. Young
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
Winston Churchill ◽  
The North ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Foreign Office ◽  
Post War ◽  
The One ◽  
The Baltic

When, in May 1945, the Allies finally defeated Nazi Germany and began their military occupation, no-one expected that within five years the country would be divided into two political halves, one tied to the West and the other to the Soviet Union. Germany, despite its defeat in 1918, had remained the most powerful state in central Europe and had been an undoubted great power since 1870. If anything, the fear was that Germany would revive quickly and become a menace to the peace again. That it did become divided between East and West was of course due to the start of the ‘Cold War’ after 1945, with the Americans and British on the one side and the Russians on the other seeing, not Germany, but each other as the post-war ‘enemy’. In 1946 Winston Churchill was already able to speak of an ‘iron curtain’ stretching from Trieste, on the Adriatic, to Stettin, on the Baltic. By 1949 each side had established control of its own bloc—the Russians predominating in the Eastern European ‘People's Republics’, the Americans drawing the West Europeans together with the Marshall Aid Programme and the North Atlantic Treaty.

scholarly journals Does Latvia Matter in Regional Geopolitics?

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
Jeremy W. Lamoreaux ◽  
Nicholas Dyerly
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Near Abroad ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

AbstractAs early as 1994, scholars, analysts and policymakers began to wonder the extent to which the Baltic States mattered in the relationship between Russia and the West. The general consensus for the following 20 years was that the Baltic States matter considerably, especially following their inclusion in both the EU and NATO in 2004. However, in the past few years two trends have emerged which begin to call this accepted knowledge into question. First, the relationship between Russia and the West has turned more hostile following nearly 20 years of detente. The West insists (especially NATO) insists that it is within its right to protect states that were formerly part of the Soviet Union/Russia’s “near abroad”. Russia, on the other hand, insists that NATO incursion into the “shared neighborhood” is a violation of trust and overstepping normal geopolitical bounds.Second, the Baltic States who once presented something of a united front for the West against Russia, no longer appear to have a common approach to foreign policy. While Estonia leans toward Scandinavia, and Lithuania leans toward Poland and Ukraine, Latvia is a bit of an odd man out with nowhere to turn. Furthermore, even other states in the Shared Neighborhood no longer seem to see Latvia as a valuable ally within the West. Considering this state of affairs, this paper considers whether Latvia matters anymore in regional geopolitics, or whether they are losing relevance.

The Original Home of the Indo-Europeans

1926 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarl Charpentier
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
European Language ◽  
The North ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Asiatic Origin ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
General Opinion ◽  
The Ideal

The question concerning the location of the original home of the Indo-Europeans—by which name is designated, not a certain race or people of which no traces have so far been found, but the peoples or tribes who did at one time speak the no longer existing Indo-European language—has at times aroused great interest and vivid discussion amongst scholars. While at one time the consensus omnium seemed to vote for an Asiatic origin of the Indo-Europeans, and even, owing to a misunderstanding of the linguistic affinities of Sanskrit, looked for their old home within the borders of India, general opinion seems, since the time of Latham, to have decided for Europe as the cradle of Indo-European-speaking peoples. But as to where in Europe the starting-point of the migrations of these tribes should be looked for no uniform opinion is so far on record. The idea, certainly impossible, that the “Urheimat” should be looked for in Germany and then probably on the southern shores of the Baltic, has long been in favour with German scholars who saw in the ideal old Teutons described by Tacitus a real counterpart of the “Indo-Germanic” ancestors; and Scandinavian archaeologists and philologists have been strongly inclined to adopt this rather fanciful theory and to look for the “Urheimat” not only in Germany but also on the Danish islands and in the southernmost province of Sweden. Other scholars looked for a centre of spread in Hungary, and this theory has quite lately been advocated in an able way by Dr. Giles. The late lamented Professor Schrader, in his sound and thoroughly critical way, tried to establish that South Russia, the rich corn-land to the north of the Black Sea, was the original home of the Indo-Europeans; but he was not quite averse to the idea that they might at one time have extended over areas to the east of that part of Europe. There are other theories as well, but they do not need to be taken into consideration here.

scholarly journals On findings of the red alga Gaillona rosea (Roth) Athanasiadis (Rhodophyta) in the Russian part of the South-Eastern Baltic

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-114
Author(s):  
A. A. Volodina
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
North Coast ◽  
The South ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
The West ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Russian Part ◽  
The North ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Eastern Baltic

Information on the first findings of Gaillona rosea (Roth) Athanasiadis 2016:814 (Aglaothamnion roseum (Roth) Maggs & L’Hardy-Halos 1933:522) in the Russian part of the South-Eastern Baltic is given. Samples of algae in the Russian part of the South-Eastern Baltic along the coast of the Kaliningrad region at depths of 1–15 m were collected by diving method on the north coast of the Sambian Peninsula near Cape Taran and Cape Gvardeysky at the stations confined to hard ground. First samples of G. rosea collected from drifting mats of perennial algae Furcellaria lumbricalis and Polysiphonia fucoides were first registered along the west and north coast of the Sambian Peninsula (Cape Taran) at depths of 1.5–7 m in autumn 2015. The finding of the species in 2015 on the west coast of the Sambian Peninsula is the first registration for the coast of the Gdansk Bay. In July 2016, the species was found in samples at Cape Taran at a depth of 0.5 m. The length of the thalli does not exceed 3 cm. The species was registered with F. lumbricalis and P. fucoides, both in attached communities and in drifting mats. G. rosea is quite common in the Baltic Sea, with the exception of the Gdansk Bay and the northernmost part of the Baltic Sea, where the salinity is low. There is no data available on the abundance of the species in the adjacent Lithuanian waters. The species is rarely registered in the Russian part of the South-Eastern Baltic, and therefore G. rosea is rare in the entire South-Eastern Baltic Sea.

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