The effect of extracellular ATP on rat uterine contraction from different gestational stages and its possible mechanisms of action

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hind A. Zafrah ◽  
Mohammed F. Alotaibi
Keyword(s):  
Uterine Contraction ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Extracellular Atp ◽  
Spontaneous Contraction ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Extracellular Adenosine ◽  
Uterine Contractions ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

AbstractBackground:The mechanisms underlying the onset of labor are not fully understood. Extracellular adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) is known to cause uterine contractions in different species but the exact underlying mechanisms are poorly investigated to date. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of extracellular ATP on spontaneous uterine contractions from different gestational stages and to elucidate its possible underlying mechanisms.Methods:Longitudinal uterine strips were obtained from rats in different gestational stages (nonpregnant, late-pregnant, and term-pregnant). The effects of 1 mM ATP were examined on uterine contractions generated spontaneously, depolarized by high-KCl (60 mM), induced by oxytocin (5 nM), in the presence of high external CaResults:Application of 1 mM extracellular ATP significantly increased the force of spontaneous contraction in uterine strips obtained from all gestational stages with prominent increase in term-pregnant rats compared to other gestations. ATP significantly increased the force induced by depolarization (122%, p=0.010, n=6), oxytocin (129%, p=0.001, n=7), high-CaConclusions:Extracellular ATP is able to increase the force and frequency of uterine contractions and its effect increases with the progression of pregnancy and it involves Ca

scholarly journals Curcuma longa aqueous extract possesses tocolytic potentials

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Uterine Contraction ◽  
Preterm Labour ◽  
Curcuma Longa ◽  
Organ Bath ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Uterine Activity ◽  
Uterine Contractions

Introduction: Contraction of the uterus is an important physiological phenomenon that determines the functionality of the uterus for pregnancy and abortion. Curcuma longa, a member of the ginger family (Zingiberracaeae) has been used in traditional medicine because of its various therapeutic properties. Curcuma longa is believed to be beneficial to the female reproductive system by preventing unwanted uterine activity in early pregnancy or treat preterm labour. There are however, no scientific facts verifying the effects on the uterus to support its folklore use as tocolytic agent. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of aqueous extract of Curcuma longa rhizome and its possible mechanism of action on uterine contraction. Methods: The Isolated longitudinal uterine strips were dissected from non-pregnant rats, mounted vertically in an organ bath chamber, and exposed to the aqueous extract of Curcuma longa rhizome at a concentration of 25 - 200 mg/ml. The effects of the extract at a concentration of 50 mg/ml on spontaneous and oxytocin-induced (10 nmol/L) contractions were investigated. Results: The results of the study revealed that the extract significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited both spontaneous and oxytocin-induced uterine contractions (n = 10). The extract also inhibited oxytocin-induced contraction in the absence of exogenous calcium (n = 10). Significance: The result of this research has shown that Curcurma longa extract possesses or exerts tocolytic effect that delays uterine contraction in rats and this finding justify its folklore uses in traditional medicine to prevent unwanted uterine activity in early pregnancy or treat preterm labour.

Autophagy Modulators and Neuroinflammation

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 955-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyoung Sang Cho ◽  
Jang Ho Lee ◽  
Jeiwon Cho ◽  
Guang-Ho Cha ◽  
Gyun Jee Song
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Scientific Interest ◽  
Therapeutic Tools ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Background: Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the development and progression of various neurological disorders. Therefore, various studies have focused on the development of neuroinflammation inhibitors as potential therapeutic tools. Recently, the involvement of autophagy in the regulation of neuroinflammation has drawn substantial scientific interest, and a growing number of studies support the role of impaired autophagy in the pathogenesis of common neurodegenerative disorders. Objective: The purpose of this article is to review recent research on the role of autophagy in controlling neuroinflammation. We focus on studies employing both mammalian cells and animal models to evaluate the ability of different autophagic modulators to regulate neuroinflammation. Methods: We have mostly reviewed recent studies reporting anti-neuroinflammatory properties of autophagy. We also briefly discussed a few studies showing that autophagy modulators activate neuroinflammation in certain conditions. Results: Recent studies report neuroprotective as well as anti-neuroinflammatory effects of autophagic modulators. We discuss the possible underlying mechanisms of action of these drugs and their potential limitations as therapeutic agents against neurological disorders. Conclusion: Autophagy activators are promising compounds for the treatment of neurological disorders involving neuroinflammation.

scholarly journals PRETERM LABOUR

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (01) ◽  
pp. 84-90
Author(s):  
FARZANA LATIF ◽  
BUSHRA BANO ◽  
UZMA HUSSAIN
Keyword(s):  
Glyceryl Trinitrate ◽  
Uterine Contraction ◽  
Preterm Labour ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Transdermal Patch ◽  
Uterine Contractions ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Study Setting ◽  
Made In

Objective: To compare the efficacy of Glyecryl trinitrate patch for prolonging gestation for more than 48 hours, 7 days or upto 37 weeks of gestation with Salbutamol in preterm labour. Study Design: Compartive descriptive study. Setting: Fatima Memorial HospitalLahore. Period: Dec 2003 to Jan 2005. Patients & Methods: The study was carried out on 60 pregnant patients admitted in hospital with thesymptoms and signs of preterm labour. The results were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 8.0. Results: Two groups (TransdermalGlyceryl Trinitrate group and Salbutamol) comprising 30 patients each were made. In Glyceryl Trinitrate group, transdermal patch was appliedand in Salbutamol group,. Intravenous infusion titrated according to frequency, duration and intensity of uterine contractions. All the patientsin each group were evaluated for prolongation of gestation for 48 hours till 37th week of gestation. The mean prolongation of pregnancy was26 days in GTN group and 32 days in Salbutamol group. The decrease in frequency of uterine contractions by 67.51 ± 7.74% in first 48 hoursof applying transdermal Glyceryl Trinitrate patch and by 80.14 ± 8.43 % in Salbutamol group which was statistically significant. Conclusion:Trinitrate appears to be a safe, well tolerated and non-invasive but less effectives method of suppressing uterine contraction in preterm labouras compared to Salbutamol.

scholarly journals Immune-Mediated Mechanisms in Cofactor-Dependent Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis: Effect of Cofactors in Basophils and Mast Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Muñoz-Cano ◽  
Clara San Bartolome ◽  
Rocío Casas-Saucedo ◽  
Giovanna Araujo ◽  
Sonia Gelis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cells ◽  
Prostaglandin E ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Plasma Osmolarity ◽  
Extracellular Adenosine ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Eicosanoid Metabolism ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Food Anaphylaxis

Cofactors may explain why in some cases food ingestion leads to anaphylaxis while in others elicits a milder reaction or tolerance. With cofactors, reactions become more severe and/or have a lower allergen threshold. Cofactors are present in up to 58% of food anaphylaxis (FAn). Exercise, NSAIDs, and alcohol are the most frequently described, although the underlying mechanisms are poorly known. Several hypotheses have suggested the influence of these cofactors on basophils and mast cells (MCs). Exercise has been suggested to enhance MC activation by increasing plasma osmolarity, redistributing blood flow, and activating adenosine and eicosanoid metabolism. NSAIDs’ cofactor effect has been related with cyclooxygenase inhibition and therefore, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. Indeed, overexpression of adenosine receptor 3 (A3) gene has been described in NSAID-dependent FAn; A3 activation potentiates FcϵRI-induced MC degranulation. Finally, alcohol has been related with an increase of histamine levels by inhibition of diamino oxidase (DAO) and also with and increase of extracellular adenosine by inhibition of its uptake. However, most of these mechanisms have limited evidence, and further studies are urgently needed. In conclusion, the study of the immune-related mechanisms involved in food allergic reactions enhanced by cofactors is of the utmost interest. This knowledge will help to design both tailored treatments and prophylactic strategies that, nowadays, are non-existent.

EMDR’s Neurobiological Mechanisms of Action: A Survey of 20 Years of Searching

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uri Bergmann
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Emdr Therapy

Historically, mechanisms of action have often been difficult to ascertain. Thus far, the definitive discovery of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)’s underlying mechanisms has been equally elusive. We review the neurobiological studies of EMDR, as well as the theoretically driven speculative models that have been posited to date. The speculative theoretically driven models are reviewed historically to illustrate their growth in neurobiological complexity and specificity. Alternatively, the neurobiological studies of EMDR are reviewed with regard to their object of investigation and categorized as follows: findings before and after EMDR therapy (neuroimaging and psychophysiological studies) and findings during the EMDR set (psychophysiological, neuroimaging, and qEEG studies).

Role of Extracellular Adenosine Triphosphate in Human Skin

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aton M. Holzer ◽  
Richard D. Granstein
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphate ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Extracellular Atp ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Skin Injury ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Extracellular Adenosine ◽  
Proliferation And Apoptosis

Background: The nucleotide adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has long been known to drive and participate in countless intracellular processes. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin. Knowledge of the sources and effects of extracellular ATP in human skin may help shape new therapies for skin injury, inflammation, and numerous other cutaneous disorders. Objective: The objective of this review is to introduce the reader to current knowledge regarding the sources and effects of extracellular ATP in human skin and to outline areas in which further research is necessary to clarify the nature and mechanism of these effects. Conclusion: Extracellular ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity.

Capacities for regulation of heart rate in fetal, infant, and adult rats

1965 ◽  
Vol 209 (6) ◽  
pp. 1095-1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. F. Adolph
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Uterine Contraction ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Infant Rats ◽  
Fine Wire ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Needle Prick ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Multiple Factor

In anesthetized pregnant rats, fine-wire electrodes were inserted into fetuses 14–21 days of age; electrocardiograms were recorded. What influences can control the heart rate at stages before and after nerves are functional in the heart? Percentage changes of heart rate are reported. Uterine contraction, needle prick, hypoxia, and hypercapnia transiently decelerated the heart at the earliest preneural stages. Norepinephrine injection into fetus accelerated the heart. In older fetuses, isopropylnorepinephrine and sometimes epinephrine also accelerated the heart. The heart rate therefore became susceptible to more influences. At birth, responses to needle prick and to hypoxia began to reverse, acceleration becoming the rule. Epinephrine and norepinephrine then induced transient decelerations; hyperoxia induced deceleration and an off-effect acceleration. In infant rats, all the responses were exaggerated compared with both those in fetuses and those in adults. Adult rats still responded to all the above agents, however. Especially in the age range from fetus to infant the capacities for regulation of heart rate augmented; a multiple-factor relation may be used to express the augmentation.

Distinct anti-inflammatory properties of alpha1-antitrypsin and corticosteroids reveal unique underlying mechanisms of action

2020 ◽  
Vol 356 ◽  
pp. 104177
Author(s):  
Ronen Schuster ◽  
Noa Motola-Kalay ◽  
Boris M. Baranovski ◽  
Liliana Bar ◽  
Naveh Tov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Alpha1 Antitrypsin ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

scholarly journals Extracellular adenosine triphosphate increases cation permeability of chronic lymphocytic leukemic lymphocytes

Blood ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 1316-1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
JS Wiley ◽  
GR Dubyak
Keyword(s):  
Adenosine Triphosphate ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes ◽  
Extracellular Atp ◽  
Total Cell ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Maximal Response ◽  
Extracellular Adenosine ◽  
Cation Permeability

Abstract Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is known to reversibly increase the cation permeability of a variety of freshly isolated and cultured cell types. In this study the effects of extracellular ATP were studied using peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) isolated from both normal subjects and from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Changes in the permeability to Na+, Rb+, and Li+ ions were measured using conventional isotope and flame photometry techniques. In addition, changes in cytosolic (Ca2+) were fluorimetrically monitored to assess possible changes in net Ca2+ influx. ATP produced a 12-fold increase in 22Na+ influx into CLL cells but only a 3.5-fold increase in this flux in PBL cells. A maximal response was produced by 0.1 mmol/L ATP in the absence of Mg2+, while a twofold molar excess of Mg2+ over ATP abolished the response. ATP had no effect on the passive (ouabain-insensitive) 86Rb+ influx into PBL cells but stimulated this flux by fivefold in the CLL cells. Li+ influx into CLL cells was also stimulated threefold by ATP. Under these same conditions ATP also produced a net increase in total cell Na and a decrease in total cell K in the CLL cells. Exclusion of two normally impermeable dyes, trypan blue and ethidium bromide, was not altered in the ATP-treated CLL cells. Finally, extracellular ATP (3 mmol/L) produced no significant change in the cytosolic (Ca2+) of normal, monocyte-depleted populations of PBL. Conversely, this same concentration of ATP produced a very rapid (complete within 30 seconds) and a significant (an average threefold peak change) increase in the cytosolic (Ca2+) of cell preparations derived from five out of nine CLL patients. In these latter CLL cells, the ATP-induced elevation in cytosolic (Ca2+) appeared to be due to a net increase in Ca2+ influx, since no elevations were observed when the extracellular (Ca2+) was reduced to less than 0.1 mmol/L. These actions of ATP were specific in that equimolar concentrations of other nucleotides were without effect. These data indicate that treatment of CLL lymphocytes with extracellular ATP4 produces large increases in cation permeability. In contrast, there is less or no ATP-induced permeabilization of normal PBL.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document