Matching as a Stochastic Process

2016 ◽  
Vol 236 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-348
Author(s):  
Friedel Bolle ◽  
Philipp E. Otto
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Process ◽  
Cooperative Game Theory ◽  
The Core ◽  
Theoretical Investigations ◽  
Negotiated Wages ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Average Transition ◽  
Transition Times ◽  
Core Allocations ◽  
Absorbing States

Abstract Results of multi-party bargaining are usually described by concepts from cooperative game theory, in particular by the core. In one-on-one matching, core allocations are stable in the sense that no pair of unmatched or otherwise matched players can improve their incomes by forming a match. Because of incomplete information and bounded rationality, it is difficult to adopt a core allocation immediately. Theoretical investigations cope with the problem of whether core allocations can be adopted in a stochastic process with repeated re-matching. In this paper, we investigate sequences of matching with data from an experimental 2×2 labor market with wage negotiations. This market has seven possible matching structures (states) and is additionally characterized by the negotiated wages and profits. First, we describe the stochastic process of transitions from one state to another including the average transition times. Second, we identify different influences on the process parameters as, for example, the difference of incomes in a match. Third, allocations in the core should be completely durable or at least more durable than comparable out-of-core allocations, but they are not. Final bargaining results (induced by a time limit) appear as snapshots of a stochastic process without absorbing states and with only weak systematic influences.

Spatial Convergence in Height in Central Europe, 1890-1910

2009 ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Marek Brabec ◽  
John Komlos
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
The Core ◽  
Military Recruits ◽  
Convergence Clubs ◽  
Spatial Convergence ◽  
Physical Stature ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Peripheral Areas

We examine spatial convergence in biological well-being in the Habsburg Monarchy, circa 1890-1910, on the basis of evidence of the physical stature of 21-year-old military recruits, disaggregated into 15 Districts. We find that the shorter the population in 1890, the faster its height grew thereafter. Hence, there was convergence in physical stature between the peripheral areas of the monarchy (located in today’s Poland/Ukraine, Romania, and Slovakia) and its core (located in today’s Austria, Czech Republic, and Hungary). The difference in trends between the trend in height in the Polish District of Przemysl and in Vienna was about 0.9 cm per decade, in favor of the former. Convergence among the core Districts themselves was minimal or non-existent, whereas the convergence among the peripheral Districts was more pronounced. Spatial convergence also took place between the peripheral regions and the more developed ones. The pattern is somewhat reminiscent of modern findings on convergence clubs in the global economy.

Gebruiksaspecten van het uitroeppartikel wat in het Nederlands en Fries

2020 ◽  
Vol 136 (4) ◽  
pp. 189-209
Author(s):  
Henk Wolf
Keyword(s):  
The Core ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lexical Phrase ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Lexical Phrases

Abstract Both Dutch and (West) Frisian make use of the exclamative particle wat (‘how’), that adds an element of surprise about a high degree of something to the semantics of the sentence. In this paper I will first show the similarities between the use of the particle in the two languages. I will demonstrate that, in Dutch, its use is largely confined to constructions that are semantically scalable, whereas in Frisian this restriction is far less strict. I will explain the difference by showing that Dutch wat is a syntactic amplifier of lexical phrases, whereas Frisian wat has developed into a pragmatic amplifier of the core predicate. I will try to account for that difference by showing how homophonous words absent in Dutch are likely to have influenced the use of Frisian wat, and how Dutch prosody strengthens the connection between wat and the amplified lexical phrase, whereas Frisian prosody weakens it. Finally, I will show that the system described as ‘Frisian’ is occasionally found in varieties of Dutch too

scholarly journals A comparative analysis of differentially expressed mRNAs, miRNAs and circRNAs provides insights into the key genes involved in the high-altitude adaptation of yaks

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qianyun Ge ◽  
Yongbo Guo ◽  
Wangshan Zheng ◽  
Yuan Cai ◽  
Xuebin Qi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
The Core ◽  
Processing Pathways ◽  
Genetic Information Processing ◽  
Altitude Adaptation ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Background Yaks that inhabit the Tibetan Plateau exhibit striking phenotypic and physiological differences from cattle and have adapted well to the extreme conditions on the plateau. However, the mechanisms used by these animals for the regulation of gene expression at high altitude are not fully understood. Results Here, we sequenced nine lung transcriptomes of yaks at altitudes of 3400, 4200 and 5000 m, and low-altitude Zaosheng cattle, which is a closely related species, served as controls. The analysis identified 21,764 mRNAs, 1377 circRNAs and 1209 miRNAs. By comparing yaks and cattle, 4975 mRNAs, 252 circRNAs and 75 miRNAs were identified differentially expressed. By comparing yaks at different altitudes, we identified 756 mRNAs, 64 circRNAs and 83 miRNAs that were differentially expressed (fold change ≥2 and P-value < 0.05). The pathways enriched in the mRNAs, circRNAs and miRNAs identified from the comparison of yaks and cattle were mainly associated with metabolism, including ‘glycosaminoglycan degradation’, ‘pentose and glucuronate interconversions’ and ‘flavone and flavonol biosynthesis’, and the mRNAs, circRNAs and miRNAs identified from the comparison of yaks at different altitude gradients were significantly enriched in metabolic pathways and immune and genetic information processing pathways. The core RNAs were identified from the mRNA-miRNA-circRNA networks constructed using the predominant differentially expressed RNAs. The core genes specific to the difference between yaks and cattle were associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and fat deposition, but those identified from the comparison among yaks at different altitude gradients were associated with maintenance of the normal biological functions of cells. Conclusions This study enhances our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in hypoxic adaptation in yaks and might contribute to improvements in the understanding and prevention of hypoxia-related diseases.

scholarly journals Territorial organization of the restaurant facilities of Kyiv agglomeration

2015 ◽  
pp. 79-82
Author(s):  
K. Dmytriieva
Keyword(s):  
Restaurant Industry ◽  
The Core ◽  
Industry Standards ◽  
The Status ◽  
Territorial Organization ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Concentration Ratios

The article outlines the factors of development of the restaurant facilities in Kyiv and surrounding areas. The status of the territorial organization of the restaurant facilities of Kyiv and Kyiv region through the review of the main indicators of the industry by districts in 2013 has been analyzed. Comparison of the industry standards due to availability of these services to population needs has been performed. The result of the difference of efficiency of the restaurant industry through calculation of concentration ratios turnover has been received. Area that can be considered as the core of the restaurant industry of Kyiv agglomeration and area with the potential of growth has been identified. The article visualized by maps.

7. Terms of the contract I

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet O’Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Contextual Approach ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference

Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter examines issues related to the terms of the contract. It explains the distinction between terms and mere representations, and analyses the difference between signed and unsigned contracts in relation to the incorporation of express. This chapter also considers the parol evidence rule and the modern contextual approach to contractual interpretation. Finally it considers implied terms, which can be implied by statute or by the courts.

Blocking Coalitions and Fairness in Asset Markets and Asymmetric Information Economies

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anuj Bhowmik ◽  
Maria Gabriella Graziano
Keyword(s):  
Asymmetric Information ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Veto Power ◽  
Asset Markets ◽  
The Core ◽  
Information Models ◽  
The Status ◽  
Initial Improvement ◽  
Core Allocations ◽  
Asymmetric Information Economies

AbstractThis paper analyses two properties of the core in a two-period exchange economy under uncertainty: the veto power of arbitrary sized coalitions; and coalitional fairness of core allocations. We study these properties in relation to classical (static) and sequential (dynamic) core notions and apply our results to asset markets and asymmetric information models. We develop a formal setting where consumption sets have no lower bound and impose a series of general restrictions on the first period trades of each agent. All our results are applications of the same lemma about improvements to an allocation that is either non-core or non-coalitionally fair. Roughly speaking, the lemma states that if all the members of a coalition achieve a better allocation in some way (for instance, by blocking the status quo allocation or because they envy the net trade of other coalitions) then an alternative improvement can be obtained through a perturbation of the initial improvement.

scholarly journals The Deep Western Boundary Current at Cape Farewell: Results from a Moored Current Meter Array

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 815-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheldon Bacon ◽  
Peter M. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Western Boundary Current ◽  
Western Boundary ◽  
Boundary Current ◽  
Marked Contrast ◽  
The Core ◽  
Deep Western Boundary Current ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Long Term Trend ◽  
Made In

Abstract An analysis is made of data from 30 Aanderaa recording current meters (RCMs) set on nine moorings located east of Cape Farewell, the southern tip of Greenland. The purpose of the measurements was to allow for the estimation of transport in the deep western boundary current (DWBC) below a depth of about 1500 m. The records commenced in September 2005 and lasted from 9.5 to 11.5 months. After calibration of the raw data, 12-h averages of temperature and current were derived and the latter employed to estimate the flow across and along the array direction. The 9.5-month average transport of water colder than 3°C was found to be 7.8 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 1 × 106 m3 s−1) with a standard error of 0.8 Sv. For water denser than σθ = 27.85 kg m−3, the transport is calculated as 4.5 Sv. Whether either of these values is significantly different from comparable measurements made 500 km upstream cannot be determined. In marked contrast, for σθ &gt; 27.8 kg m−3, the transport is estimated as only 9.0 Sv, smaller than the widely accepted value of 13 Sv for nearby measurements made in 1978. A reevaluation of the calculations and assumptions made then allows one to determine the uncertainty of the earlier estimate and thereby conclude that the difference between the previous and present measurements is significant, that is, that the transport has decreased between 1978 and 2005–06. A weakening of the transport during the 9.5-month period is also observed, along with a warming and an increase in salinity in the core of the DWBC. These latter changes are shown to be consistent with interannual variability rather than a long-term trend.

Differences in the Heat Transfer at the Core-Reflector Boundary of the PBMR Due to the Use of Different Numerical Methods

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter S. du Toit ◽  
Onno Ubbink
Keyword(s):  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Heat Sources ◽  
Coarse Mesh ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
The Core ◽  
Modified Method ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Horizontal Slice ◽  
Mesh Cell

The PBMR (Pebble Bed Modular Reactor) is a High-Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR) concept. One of the exercises of the PBMR benchmark of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is a steady state two-dimensional (2D) thermal-hydraulics simulation of a simplified PBMR with prescribed heat sources. Two different programs were used to model this exercise. They predicted similar core temperatures but the side reflector temperatures next to the core differed by more than 30 °C (when using a relatively coarse mesh). The underlying methods define temperatures at either vertices (VC) or at mesh cell centres (CC). A study was undertaken using one-dimensional (1D) implementations of the VC and CC methods to model a horizontal slice through the core. This study revealed the root cause of the different predictions. A modified version of the 1D CC method was developed that essentially predicts the same temperatures as the VC method. The extension of the modified method to two dimensions is under investigation. If the difference in predicted temperatures next to the core can be eliminated or reduced, then the focus can shift to other differences between the results of the two programs.

Loss of Representativeness of the Fixed Incore Instrumentation of the EPR™ Reactor

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brice Jardiné ◽  
Olivier Bougeant ◽  
Maxime Pfeiffer
Keyword(s):  
Power Distribution ◽  
Power Level ◽  
Nucleate Boiling ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Fuel Loading ◽  
Calculation Algorithm ◽  
The Core ◽  
On Line ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Online Reconstruction

The EPR™ reactor features a fixed incore instrumentation, composed of 72 Self Powered Neutron Detectors (SPND), that provides the online reconstruction of the core maximum Linear Power Density (LPD) and minimum Departure from Nucleate Boiling Ratio (DNBR). The Instrumentation and Control (I&C) systems of the EPR™ reactor use this online reconstruction in surveillance and protection functions. The onsite thresholds of those I&C functions have to take into account all the uncertainties affecting the online reconstruction of core power distribution measured by SPNDs. One of these uncertainties is the so-called Loss Of Representativeness (LOR). This uncertainty is defined as the difference between the LPD (respectively DNBR) physical value and the LPD (respectively DNBR) computed value using SPND signals. The LOR parameter is mostly linked to the difference between the core power distribution at the time where SPNDs are calibrated and the core power distribution at the time where their signals are used. For the DNBR, LOR also takes into account the use of a simplified on-line DNBR calculation algorithm. A statistical approach is used in order to define this uncertainty. The analysis is based on the evaluation of different sets of core power distributions generated thanks to random drawings of the plant state parameters (including power level, core inlet temperature, pressure, control rod insertion and xenon distribution). The sets of core configurations representative of normal plant operation are used to define the surveillance thresholds. The sets representative of accidental transients (for which the LPD and DNBR protections are claimed) are used to define the protection thresholds. The analysis of LOR values provides an envelop probability law covering a minimum of 95% of LOR values. In order to derive the on-site threshold for LPD and DNBR, a Monte Carlo method is used to propagate the LOR probability law and the other uncertainties. Sensitivity calculations have been performed in order to cover a large spectrum of fuel loading patterns and to take into account SPND failures. In conclusion, this approach allows defining an optimized and robust set of thresholds for the on-line surveillance and protection system of EPR™ reactor.

Fatigue in Engine Design

1953 ◽  
Vol 57 (513) ◽  
pp. 580-584
Author(s):  
F. M. Owner
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Cold Work ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
The Core ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Engine Design ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cylindrical Test ◽  
Effect Of Surface

The difference in outlook between metallurgist, physicist and designer on the problem of fatigue of metals is due not only to the differences in training and method but also in immediate objective, however closely their ultimate objectives may coincide.Physicists consider fatigue in terms of crystal structure and composition of the constituents of the crystal, noting in passing that certain types of crystal structures are associated with poor fatigue strength. The metallurgist's prime interest lies in the effect of surface finish, heat treatment, the physical condition of the surface, such as degree of cold work, the effect of carburised and nitrided cases having different hardness from the core. Both think in terms of controlled condition tests, with idealised test conditions such as cylindrical test specimens, close control of changes of section, polished surfaces of only a few micro-inches surface roughness, operating in a controlled atmosphere.

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