The Regional Rootedness of China’s Film Industry: Cluster Development and Attempts at Cross-Location Integration

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhizhong Fan ◽  
Xi Yu
Keyword(s):  
Film Industry ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Industrial Clusters ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Cultural Resources ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Film Distribution ◽  
Business Operations ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Film Producing

Abstract China’s film industry has its historical roots across the four geographical divisions of northern, eastern, western, and southern China. Each of these four film-producing regions has their own characteristics with divergent historical heritages and cultural resources. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) the division of administrative regions included a territorially divided management policy of film enterprises. Such policies promoted the regional development of China’s film industry while simultaneously exacerbated the complex contradictions between and among the clusters produced. In the 1950s, four major state-owned film studios were established in Beijing, Shanghai, and Changchun. Under the planned economy model, films were purchased and sold exclusively by the state through these studios. Since the 1990s, China’s film industry has undergone deep institutional reform, with film distribution and exhibition gradually moving towards the market and private enterprises beginning to actively participate in film production and distribution. The film industry has since begun to actively explore the generative potential of the existing industrial clusters, experimenting with film co-production and cross-regional business operations across the regions. With the goal of constructing a film and television alliance, the film industry has sought to maximize the advantages of different regions to promote the integration of these historically and regionally distinct sectors in an open and tolerant manner, laying the foundation for Chinese films to leapfrog into the global film market.

From Conan the Barbarian to Gunan il guerriero: Re-contextualizing spaghetti sword and sorcery

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfio Leotta
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Film Industry ◽  
Violent Conflict ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Box Office ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Sword And Sorcery ◽  
Italian Film ◽  
The Aesthetic

The release of Conan the Barbarian (1982) played a crucial role in the emergence of the sword and sorcery film, a subgenre of fantasy cinema featuring muscular heroes in violent conflict with wizards and other supernatural creatures. Italian genre filmmakers attempted to capitalize on the international popularity of sword and sorcery by quickly producing a number of low-budget films, which emulated the stylistic and narrative features of Conan. Over a period of six years, between 1982 and 1987, the Italian film industry produced almost two dozen sword and sorcery films, which achieved mixed results at the box office. Although recently an increasing number of international film scholars have focused on the critical examination of Italian genre cinema, to date, little attention has been devoted to the study of Italian sword and sorcery. By examining the aesthetic features of four Italian sword and sorcery films (Gunan il guerriero [1982], Ator l’invincibile [1982], Hercules [1983] and The Barbarians [1987]), as well as their modes of production and distribution, this article proposes the first comprehensive critical examination of this filone.

Examining Industrial Clusters from an Ecological Perspective: Evidences from North-East China

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-84
Author(s):  
Ge Li ◽  
Ramudu Bhanugopan ◽  
Alan Fish
Keyword(s):  
Differential Equations ◽  
Logistic Model ◽  
Industrial Clusters ◽  
Ecological Perspective ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Regional Cluster ◽  
Key Factor

Industrial clusters are increasingly seen as essential in effectively combining, developing and enhancing like-minded businesses. Industrial clusters irrespective of their location are providing positive outcomes for ecological derivatives in supporting effective industrial developments. This perspective is addressed within this paper via employing the ‘Logistic Model of Ecology’; through the application of differential equations. This paper explains key interspecies relationships; competition, predation and symbiosis, operating within a regional cluster in the Jilin Province in the north-east of The Peoples’ Republic of China. The paper draws the conclusion that ‘intense competition’ is the key factor contributing to the successful existence of the cluster.

Peasants, Democracy and Anthropology

2003 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Feuchtwang
Keyword(s):  
Religious Tradition ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Cultural Resources ◽  
Central State ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Democratic Tradition ◽  
The Government ◽  
Concepts Of Democracy ◽  
Elected Representatives ◽  
Incense Burner

The gulf between intellectuals and peasants, in which the latter are perceived to be a drag on the modernization led by the former, is usually selfaggrandizement. When, as in China, peasants have the ambivalent status of being the base of revolution and the drag on political reform in the direction of democracy, anthropologists are in a good position to challenge the intellectuals’ pretensions. But we don’t. This article asks why, points out the ways in which we can, and then refutes the notion that Chinese peasants have no democratic tradition with an example. It is an example of self-organization around an incense burner, a religious tradition of territorial association. I put it to the test of a number of concepts of democracy, most of which it passes. But its leaders are chosen by divine selection, raising the question whether this is a form of benign charisma rather than standard electoral democracy. The institution persists into the present of the People’s Republic of China and the government of Taiwan, where it functions as a public good, a test of local loyalty, and a moral basis by which the conduct of state officials and elected representatives are judged. It is a civil institution, but now the issue is whether it will last or be soaked up by central state cultural policies. Whatever the answer, the example also throws down a challenge to anthropologists in other regions to explore ‘peasant’ self-organization and cultural resources for democracy and civil judgement.

Saving the Family

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Alilunas
Keyword(s):  
Film Industry ◽  
Public Acceptance ◽  
The Family ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Sexually Explicit ◽  
Major Shift ◽  
Community Protests ◽  
Feminist Movements ◽  
Regulatory Actions

The final chapter examines traditional forms of regulation, focusing on the community protests, anti-pornography feminist movements, national efforts by conservative groups, and other attempts to contain the efforts by the adult video industry to find widespread public acceptance and economic success. I argue that a panic, traceable to the move of sexually explicit films from public to private spaces, resulted in a major shift in the cultural understanding of sexuality, pleasure, and pornography. Part of this panic is visible in the Meese Commission’s investigation in 1986, which aligns with the period in which the adult film industry completed the transition from celluloid to magnetic tape-based production and distribution. I conclude the book with an analysis of the mainstream video rental’s decision to stop carrying adult video in the wake of the Meese Commission and gesture toward the further regulatory actions of the 1990s.

Female Entrepreneurship in the Nollywood Film Industry

2018 ◽  
pp. 126-144
Author(s):  
Floribert Patrick C. Endong
Keyword(s):  
Women Entrepreneurs ◽  
Film Industry ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Female Entrepreneurship ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Women Entrepreneurship ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Nigerian Film

The Nigerian film industry (Nollywood) has predominantly been presented as a masculine world. This is not unconnected to the fact that most of the players and central figures in the history and growth of the industry are masculine. However, female entrepreneurship has marked the industry right from the early stages of its existence. Like their male counterparts, female entrepreneurs have, through exceptional entrepreneurial techniques, provided actionable solutions to some of the production and distribution crises which the industry has witnessed. Using empirical understandings, this chapter critically explores female entrepreneurship in the sector. It provides a micro-level perspective of socio-economic challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in the Nollywood film industry and their future prospects. The chapter begins by exploring entrepreneurship in Nigeria's economy before delving into the prospects and challenges of women entrepreneurship in the Nollywood industry.

Guiqiao (Returned Overseas Chinese) Identity in the prc归侨的认同意识

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-262
Author(s):  
Caleb Ford
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Overseas Chinese ◽  
Chinese Identity ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Ethnic Chinese ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Party State

Beginning in the early 1950s there were tens of thousands of ethnic Chinese who chose to ‘return’ to the People’s Republic of China (prc). Until fairly recently, little attention has been given to the approximately 600,000 ethnic Chinese who chose to immigrate to China from locations throughout Southeast Asia, as well as further afield in the first few decades after the founding of theprc. There were many factors influencing their migration to a country that many had never stepped foot on. However, it is clear that the Chinese state made a concerted attempt to rally the support (capital and immigration) of overseas Chinese communities. Many of the returnees were resettled on one of dozens of ‘Overseas Chinese Farms’ (huaqiao nongchang) scattered throughout the provinces of southern China. Outside of China they were considered ‘Chinese’ and foreign, juxtaposed against the local or ‘indigenous’ identities that had taken shape in tandem with the independence of former colonies in Southeast Asia and the rise of modern nationalism. Upon their ‘return’ to what was, for many, an imagined ancestral homeland — a country many of them had never seen — they were confronted with a different type of discrimination and suspicion than they faced ‘abroad’. This was despite, and in some cases because of, certain favorable policies enacted by the party state to assist in their relocation and assimilation into society. Ironically, some of the same policies that sought to gradually assimilate them into Chinese society actually reinforced their position as ‘permanent outsiders’: the creation of an official ‘huaqiao’ legal status; institutionalized segregation in the form ofhuaqiao nongchang, huaqiao villages, andhuaqiao schools; and a resultant pariah status that did not begin to recede until after the reforms of the late 1970s. While the concept of ‘huaqiao’ (overseas Chinese sojourners) was falling out of use among Chinese communities abroad, the word was taking on a new meaning in theprc, both for the Chinese party state, and for those who would come to self-identify ashuaqiao/guiqiao.

A new species of the genus Oligodon Fitzinger, 1826 (Squamata: Colubridae) from northern Vietnam, southern China and central Laos

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3498 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
PATRICK DAVID ◽  
TRUONG QUANG NGUYEN ◽  
TAO THIEN NGUYEN ◽  
KE JIANG ◽  
TIANBO CHEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Northern Vietnam ◽  
Short Tail ◽  
Dorsal Pattern ◽  
A New Species

A new species of the genus Oligodon Fitzinger, 1826, Oligodon nagao sp. nov., is described on the basis of five specimensoriginating from Lang Son and Cao Bang provinces in northern Vietnam, Guangxi Autonomous Region in southernPeople’s Republic of China, and from Khammouane Province in central Laos PDR. This species differs from other speciesof the region by the combination of 15 or 17 dorsal scale rows at midbody, unforked hemipenes, not spinose but withpapillae, entire cloacal plate, a high number of ventrals, a rather short tail and dorsal pattern made of numerous dark,butterfly-shaped blotches. On the basis of the morphology of its hemipenes, Oligodon nagao sp. nov. belongs to the groupof Oligodon cinereus. This new species is compared with other species of the Indochinese Peninsula and China with 15or 17 dorsal scale rows, especially Oligodon joynsoni (Smith, 1917). An updated list of the Oligodon species of this region is provided.

scholarly journals Mental health in Hong Kong: transition from hospital-based service to personalised care

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 62-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric F. C. Cheung ◽  
Linda C. W. Lam ◽  
Se-fong Hung
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Central Intelligence Agency ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
World Health ◽  
Intelligence Agency ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Ethnic Chinese ◽  
Health Organization

Hong Kong was a UK colony before 1997 but has since been a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. It is located in southern China and has an area of 1104 km2. Approximately 95% of Hong Kong's population is ethnic Chinese. Hong Kong is a developed capitalist economy, with a gross domestic product of US$301.6 billion (2009 estimate), of which about 5.5% is spent on healthcare and about 0.24% on mental health (World Health Organization, 2005). Despite the relatively low level of spending on healthcare, Hong Kong nevertheless has one of the longest life expectancies in the world (79.2 years for men; 84.8 years for women) and a very low infant mortality rate (2.93 per 1000 live births) (Central Intelligence Agency, 2010).

Research on the Parallel and Reciprocal Mode of Commercial Operations and Public Service of Digital Cultural Resources

2014 ◽  
Vol 687-691 ◽  
pp. 4861-4866
Author(s):  
Yan An Gao ◽  
Xiao Yu Wu ◽  
Yi Chun Zhang ◽  
Lei Yang
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Operating Mode ◽  
Digital Culture ◽  
Cultural Industries ◽  
Cultural Resources ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Business Operations ◽  
Verification Methods

Since the construction of digital cultural resources is a long-term process, national investment is not enough to achieve the sustainable and sound development of digital culture resources. In order to promote national culture and meet people's growing spiritual and cultural demands. This paper provides strong support for business operations through studying different characteristics, operations and specific cases of non-profit cultural undertakings and for-profit cultural industries. With the Business Model Ontology (BMO) and E3-value validation method for the digital culture resources of public service and commercial operations in Parallel Mutually Beneficial Operating Mode. At last, the ideal results can be obtained by the verification methods, which can provide the theoretical basis for the mutually profit cooperation of cultural undertakings and cultural industries.

Soviet film distribution and demonstration in the era of “thaw”. The revival of the film industry.

Servis plus ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
Марина Косинова ◽  
Marina Kosinova ◽  
Артур Аракелян ◽  
Artur Arakelyan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Film Industry ◽  
Operation Mode ◽  
Color Film ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Artistic Value ◽  
Soviet Film ◽  
Film Distribution ◽  
Soviet Cinema

In the period of “thaw” (mid 1950s – mid 1960s), there is a sharp qualitative and quantitative growth of Soviet cinema. If in 1951 in the USSR was filmed just nine films which didn’t represent a high artistic value in the creative attitude, already in 1956–57, Soviet cinema shocked the whole world. In 1958 they released 66 new Soviet film, but by 1960 our film industry overcame the milestone of 100 films and continued to steadily increase the production. The growth of the film industry contributed to the cinema spreading and film distribution. In the years of “thaw” in the USSR cinema attendance exceeded 3 billion, compared to 1.5 billion in 1953. The Gross fundraising from screenings at state cinema chains increased to 5.5 million rubles in 1957, and throughout the hole cinema chain – up to 7.5 million rubles. On the 1st January 1958, the chain consisted of 80 thousand cinemas, including more than 50 thousand in rural areas. By this time, they had mastered new technical possibilities of cinema (wide-screen, panoramic, wide angle, circular panorama). They fully mastered color film. However, in the field of cinema there were still a lot of unresolved issues. Revenues from films increased annually in largely through the construction and commissioning of new cinemas, and due to the tightening operation mode of already active cinemas, contrary to their real capabilities. But cinema rigidly centralized administrative-command system which had been formed in the 1930s continued to operate until the perestroika in the Soviet. They sold films to the distributors as a “product” based on the amount of the estimated cost of the film. The Studio was lcompletely disinterested in the outcome of the promotion of the film, its success with the audience. Thus, they did not have a major driver in the fight for the quality of films. Numerous attempts of the Filmmakers ‘ Union, established in 1957, to change the existing system didn’t have the results. The only application of far-reaching ideas of the Union became an Experimental creative Studio.

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