scholarly journals The Unemployed Workers’ Perceptions of Stress and Employment Prospects in Macedonia: The Role of Alternative Adjustment Mechanisms

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-79
Author(s):  
Dimitar Nikoloski ◽  
Ljupcho Pechijareski
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Macroeconomic Shocks ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
Adjustment Mechanisms ◽  
Persistent Unemployment

AbstractDepressed labour market conditions in Macedonia manifested by high and persistent unemployment rate, strong segmentation and prevailing long-term unemployment is considered as a heritage of more than two decades long period of transition. Unemployment has a number of negative consequences such a decreased income which is assumed to influence the subjective experience of unemployment. The negative macroeconomic shocks in Macedonia have been mitigated due to the strengthened role of alternative labour market adjustment mechanisms such as: employment in the informal sector, emigration and inactivity. However, their impact on the unemployed workers’ perceptions of stress and future labour market prospects is less clear-cut. In this paper we use results from a survey carried out on a sample of unemployed workers in Macedonia in order to identify the psychological implications of unemployment by assessing the perceived stress and employment prospects with particular reference to the role of alternative labour market adjustment mechanisms.

Material deprivation and employment status in post-transition: Evidence from North Macedonia

SEER ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-152
Author(s):  
Dimitar Nikoloski
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Material Deprivation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Work Intensity ◽  
Active Labour ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
Adjustment Mechanisms

Poverty and social exclusion are often associated with unemployment, but being employed is not always sufficient to provide decent living conditions for workers and their families. In this context, the aim of this article, drawing on SILC micro data, is to assess the underlying causes of severe material deprivation in North Macedonia from the point of view of employment status, particularly the differences between employed and unemployed workers. The results show that employed workers face a much greater risk of severe material deprivation if they are positioned in the so-called secondary labour market; while the unemployed with low capital accumulation and those living in households with low work intensity face the highest risks of all. North Macedonia’s adjustment mechanisms do help cushion the consequences, but the article concludes with several policy recommendations for additional action to reduce severe material deprivation covering: education and training; active labour market policies; unionisation and collective bargaining; wage subsidies and taxation; and a statutory minimum wage.

Doing More With Less: Interactive Effects of Cognitive Resources and Mindfulness Training in Coping With Mental Fatigue From Multitasking

2020 ◽  
pp. 014920632096457
Author(s):  
Ravi S. Kudesia ◽  
Ashish Pandey ◽  
Christopher S. Reina
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Mental Fatigue ◽  
Mindfulness Training ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Negative Consequences

To cope with ever-increasing work demands, people often turn to multitasking. Although it is known that multitasking harms objective task performance, we know relatively little about how multitasking influences subjective experience. In this article, we develop hypotheses about the subjective experience of multitasking. Namely, we hypothesize that people multitask more often in the presence of challenge stressors (like workload, responsibility, and time pressure), that multitasking is one of the reasons why challenge stressors produce feelings of mental fatigue, and that multitasking feels especially mentally fatiguing for people with fewer cognitive resources—as people with fewer cognitive resources paradoxically must use particularly resource-demanding self-regulation processes to multitask. Using an experience sampling design, in Study 1 (N = 248 participants; 5,191 responses), we find support for these hypotheses. Given the increasing prevalence of multitasking, we then ask what can be done to reduce its negative consequences. Drawing on recent findings that mindfulness training increases the efficacy of self-regulation, we hypothesize that mindfulness training will compensate for cognitive resources by empowering people with fewer cognitive resources to multitask without feeling mentally fatigued. Pairing experience sampling with a long-term mindfulness training, in Study 2 (N = 114 participants; 1,197 responses), we replicate our initial findings and extend them: multitasking feels mentally fatiguing for people with fewer cognitive resources in the control condition but not in the mindfulness training condition. Taken together, these findings shed new light on the interface of work design, self-regulation, and mental fatigue.

Work and Welfare Benefits: Social Security, Employment and Unemployment in the 1990s

1991 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eithne McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Social Security Systems ◽  
Security Systems ◽  
Welfare Benefits ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Social Security Policy

ABSTRACTThis paper considers social security policy and structures in relation to the labour market of the late 1980s and 1990s. The paper begins by describing the labour market of the late 1980s and summarising projective descriptions of labour demand in the 1990s. The second section of the paper reports on recent research examining the labour supply behaviour of long term unemployed people, drawing out the role of social security policy and structures therein. The third section of the paper concludes that the role of social security policy is at present essentially reactive rather than proactive; that it does little to address the likely need for labour of certain kinds in the 1990s; and that efforts to address the problem of long term unemployment through social security policy have been largely misdirected. The final section of the paper briefly considers some of the ways in which social security systems can be more proactive and suggests a number of both short term and longer term policy changes which research indicates would be of benefit in the UK.

Unemployment as a threat to society – an analysis of the situation in Poland and selected countries of the European Union

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 265-282
Author(s):  
Tomasz Łachacz ◽  
Sylwester Zagulski
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
The State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
The Eu

Unemployment is classified today as one of the main threats to society. The phenomenon affects the lives of individuals, the functioning of families and society and development of the state. It is often the source of other social problems such as poverty, violence, or social pathologies. The article presents the scale and nature of unemployment occurring after 1989 in Poland and in selected European Union countries, i.e. the Netherlands, Spain, Slovakia and Latvia. It attempts to show the characteristic trends of the phenomenon over a period of more than two decades. Examples from the European countries analysed show that the situation in the labour market and the approach to employment are radically different. Individual countries are characterised by very different unemployment rates, which reflect their different size, economic and demographic potential, or are associated with the tradition of employment. The existence of differences seems to be normal, but their scale may give rise to concern. A characteristic feature of unemployment in the period analysed is its regional diversity, both in Poland and in the whole of the European community. Important factors that determine the level of unemployment are age, sex, education and people’s qualifications. The effects of long-term unemployment are very painful for the whole of society. Such a situation can lead to, amongst others, poverty, societal antagonism, violence and migration. The latter is an issue that the whole of Europe is currently struggling with. The uncontrolled influx of immigrants, including those migrating for economic reasons, causes fear of losing their job among Europeans, which in turn translates into the radicalisation of society. A role of the state and the EU institutions is to create an effective mechanism for the protection and support of the unemployed. This is a prerequisite for Europeans to continue the project which is a common united Europe.

Social marginalization and chronic illness: A critical analysis of the role of labour-market exclusion

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iben Nørup
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Illness ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Chronic Illnesses ◽  
Theoretical Argument ◽  
Social Marginalization ◽  
Labour Market Participation ◽  
Social Theories ◽  
The Unemployed

Since the 1990s, most European countries have implemented activation policies targeting the unemployed. During the past decade, the target group for activation policies expanded and currently also includes persons with limitations in their ability to work due to long-term or chronic illness and disabilities. The argument underlying these policies is that labour-market exclusion is the main cause for social marginalization because participation in paid work provides important social and psychological functions that cannot be found elsewhere. Based on an extensive set of quantitative data that combines register data and survey data, and using structural equation modelling, this paper analyses the relationship between chronic illness and social marginalization, and in particular which role labour-market exclusion plays in this relationship. Is labour-market exclusion a crucial factor in explaining why individuals with chronic illnesses face a higher risk of social marginalization if factors such as income and education are also taken into account? From the statistical results, the paper states that individuals with chronic illnesses face a far higher risk of social marginalization, but that this risk is caused by their health limitations and not by their lack of labour-market participation. Contrary to the policies’ logic and the theoretical argument of psycho-social theories originating from the deprivation perspective, no direct, indirect or mediating effects of labour-market exclusion on social marginalization were identified.

Transforming the unemployed: trade union benefits and the advent of state policy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noel Whiteside
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Trade Union ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
National Insurance ◽  
Local Branch ◽  
The Unemployed

The introduction of state insurance for the unemployed, under the 1911 National Insurance Act, forced the trade unions to make adjustments to their visions of how they treated the unemployed. Before the 1911 Act there was immense diversity and variation in how the trade unions supported their members and controlled the labour market through providing benefits for the unemployed. However, the 1911 Act, imposed a rigidity on unemployment, defining it by imposing a limit of benefits for 15 weeks per year, with those falling out of benefit being unfortunate rather than long-term unemployed. Since many unions ran the new state scheme it was their previous flexibility in providing benefits to a more liberally defined unemployed, and allowing local branch variation, was replaced by the state’s insistence on uniformity and centralisation.

Long-term unemployed in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-34
Author(s):  
Ewa Flaszyńska
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Public Employment ◽  
Ability To Work ◽  
Employment Services ◽  
Unemployed People ◽  
The Public ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Unemployed

The COVID-19 pandemic has not significantly affected the increase in unemployment, including the change in the structure of long-term unemployment. Long-term unemployment increases with some delay after the recession. This article analyses the changes in the situation of long-term unemployed people in Poland before and during the COVID-2019 pandemic, presents actions taken at that time by employment and social services, and presents recommendations for the future, considering information collected from employees of poviat labour offices. In Poland, the reasons for the persistence of a relatively high level of long-term unemployment in general may include the following factors: registration in labour offices of people who, mainly for health reasons, are not ready to participate in processes of restoring the ability to work, a limited amount of funds allocated to activation of the unemployed activities and, finally, the lack of mechanisms rewarding the public employment services (PES) for bringing the long-term unemployed back to the labour market.

scholarly journals Selective approaches to regulation of long-term migration in the Russian Federation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (4) ◽  
pp. 188-197
Author(s):  
Svetlana Lampadova
Keyword(s):  
Work Experience ◽  
Professional Competence ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Effective System ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Economic Needs ◽  
Different Levels

The number of foreign citizens that a country can admit without negative consequences for its economy in general and its labor market in particular, as well as for the socio-political situation, is limited and individual for each country. In this regard, states legislations in addition to the existing conditions set quotas. The purpose of the quota is to quantitatively limit the influx of foreign nationals into a country based on its socio-economic needs and capabilities in a given period. The quota is spent in order of priority without any differentiation and is a restrictive rather than a selection mechanism for ensuring a state’s migration policy. Most often, the selection approach is mentioned in the legislations regulating labor and, in the first place, skilled migration. Only in the context of this subspecies of migration, it is possible to talk of the inequality of candidates based on the different levels of their professional competence and capacity for adaptation to the host country social environment. In the context of skilled labor migration, the role of education, work experience and the ability to communicate freely in the host state language increase significantly. This type of migration is voluntary and aims at mutual satisfaction of the needs of a state in strengthening its economy with highly professional labor force and the needs of foreign citizens in getting the best conditions for realizing their potential. The laws of the market economy shape it. A state possessing the «demand» must, in order to best ensure its own socio-economic needs, build an effective system of evaluation of the «supply» by foreign citizens.

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