Diet of Hoffmann’s two-toed sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni) in Andean forest

Mammalia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea del Pilar Sánchez-Chavez
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Forest Reserve ◽  
Reference Collection ◽  
Microhistological Analysis

Abstract The Hoffmann’s two-toed sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni) is a species which could potentially be evaluated as threatened, but data on its natural history in wild conditions are still insufficient. The diet in wildlife of C. hoffmanni was studied through of microhistological analysis of indigestible fragments of leaves found in 43 feces samples collected of the 47 samples found in an Andean forest reserve south of Bogotá, Colombia. Four samples were highly decomposed and were not collected. A reference collection was made of 29 tree species where the feces were found or two-toed sloth were observed, to compare with the plant fragments found in the feces. Seventeen species and six fragments of foliar epidermis of undetermined species were identified in sloth diet. Based on this analysis, C. hoffmanni is a generalist folivore, ingesting a wide variety of plant leaves. Based on frequency of occurrence, relative frequency, and percent cover by volume, Brunellia sibundoya, Cordia cylindrostachya, Citharexylum sp., Quercus humboldtii, and Clethra fagifolia made up most (74%) of the diet of C. hoffmanni in an Andean forest. Comparing the plant species found in the feces with the reference collection, C. hoffmanni appears to deposit feces at the base of the trees that it consumes.

scholarly journals Elucidating the diet of the island flying fox (Pteropus hypomelanus) in Peninsular Malaysia through Illumina Next-Generation Sequencing

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheema Abdul Aziz ◽  
Gopalasamy Reuben Clements ◽  
Lee Yin Peng ◽  
Ahimsa Campos-Arceiz ◽  
Kim R. McConkey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Next Generation Sequencing ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Reference Collection ◽  
Microhistological Analysis ◽  
Challenging Situation ◽  
Generation Sequencing ◽  
Flying Fox

There is an urgent need to identify and understand the ecosystem services of pollination and seed dispersal provided by threatened mammals such as flying foxes. The first step towards this is to obtain comprehensive data on their diet. However, the volant and nocturnal nature of bats presents a particularly challenging situation, and conventional microhistological approaches to studying their diet can be laborious and time-consuming, and provide incomplete information. We used Illumina Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) as a novel, non-invasive method for analysing the diet of the island flying fox (Pteropus hypomelanus) on Tioman Island, Peninsular Malaysia. Through DNA metabarcoding of plants in flying fox droppings, using primers targeting therbcLgene, we identified at least 29 Operationally Taxonomic Units (OTUs) comprising the diet of this giant pteropodid. OTU sequences matched at least four genera and 14 plant families from online reference databases based on a conservative Least Common Ancestor approach, and eight species from our site-specific plant reference collection. NGS was just as successful as conventional microhistological analysis in detecting plant taxa from droppings, but also uncovered six additional plant taxa. The island flying fox’s diet appeared to be dominated by figs (Ficussp.), which was the most abundant plant taxon detected in the droppings every single month. Our study has shown that NGS can add value to the conventional microhistological approach in identifying food plant species from flying fox droppings. At this point in time, more accurate genus- and species-level identification of OTUs not only requires support from databases with more representative sequences of relevant plant DNA, but probably necessitatesin situcollection of plant specimens to create a reference collection. Although this method cannot be used to quantify true abundance or proportion of plant species, nor plant parts consumed, it ultimately provides a very important first step towards identifying plant taxa and spatio-temporal patterns in flying fox diets.

Use-Values of Tree Species in a Communal Forest Reserve in Northeast Peru

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIGUEL PINEDO-VASQUEZ ◽  
DANIEL ZARIN ◽  
PETER JIPP ◽  
JOMBER CHOTA-INUMA
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Forest Reserve ◽  
Use Values

Speech Waveform Perturbation Analysis

1986 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders G. Askenfelt ◽  
Britta Hammarberg
Keyword(s):  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Pitch Period ◽  
Acoustic Measures ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Perturbation Data ◽  
Acoustic Measure ◽  
Pathological Voice

The performance of seven acoustic measures of cycle-to-cycle variations (perturbations) in the speech waveform was compared. All measures were calculated automatically and applied on running speech. Three of the measures refer to the frequency of occurrence and severity of waveform perturbations in special selected parts of the speech, identified by means of the rate of change in the fundamental frequency. Three other measures refer to statistical properties of the distribution of the relative frequency differences between adjacent pitch periods. One perturbation measure refers to the percentage of consecutive pitch period differences with alternating signs. The acoustic measures were tested on tape recorded speech samples from 41 voice patients, before and after successful therapy. Scattergrams of acoustic waveform perturbation data versus an average of perceived deviant voice qualities, as rated by voice clinicians, are presented. The perturbation measures were compared with regard to the acoustic-perceptual correlation and their ability to discriminate between normal and pathological voice status. The standard deviation of the distribution of the relative frequency differences was suggested as the most useful acoustic measure of waveform perturbations for clinical applications.

scholarly journals Plant Diversity, Ethnobotany and Conservation Issues at Swoyambhu World Heritage, Kathmandu, Nepal

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keshab Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forest ◽  
Exotic Species ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Northern Slope ◽  
Pinus Roxburghii ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Pristine Forest

Lying at western corner of the Kathmandu city, the Swoyambhu hillock (1403.76m) represents a surviving pristine forest in the metropolitan capital of Nepal. Once an extension of Jamaca (2096m) with luxuriant sub-tropical forest is now invaded by dense human population and other developmental activities. This hillock is still rich with a total plant species of 319. Of them, 65 are trees, 43 shrubs, 194 herbs and 17 climbers. Northern slope of the hillock is rich in tree species with scattered patches of under-growing bushes and ferns, whereas southern, western and eastern slopes are much disturbed with exotic species of plants, creating challenges to the norms of the heritage standard. Domination by Pinus roxburghii (chire pine) and Eucalyptus, Jacaranda and Callistemon, etc are altering the indigenous nature of the hillock. And also the forested hillock has been randomly utilized for refreshment, yoga, ayurbedic remedy and food. Due to growing constructions and exploitations, the forested hillock is now facing a threat to maintain its pristine ecosystem. <i>Nepal Journal of Science and Technology</i> Vol. 7, 2006

scholarly journals Diversity of Tree Species in Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
P. C. Nnadi ◽  
B. B. Otene ◽  
Nwiisator David-Sarogoro
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
State University ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Management Interventions ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Pinus Spp ◽  
Rivers State

This study was carried out to examine the distribution of plant species in Rivers State University campus at different locations at the Rivers State University Nkpolu-Oroworukwo Port Harcourt Nigeria. The general objective of this study was to examine the Ecological distribution of plant species in Rivers State University campus at different locations. The specific objective was to determine the species abundance of various plants in the study area and also to examine the ecological diversity of tree species in the various groups. The study area was divided into three groups (stations) with the various plants species identified and recorded. Data gotten from the field was analyzed using descriptive statistic and some ecological indices such as Margalef, Mehinick, Shannon diversity, Shannon Wiener, Evenness/Equitability and Simpson dominance.  A total of one thousand Sixty-nine (1069) individual plant were identified with 16, 17 and 12 species in stations 1-3 respectively. The highest individual plants (561) were observed in station 1 while the least (87) were observed in station 3. The mean values of stations 1 and 2 were significantly and statistically different from site 3 at p<0.05. The results obtained showed some dominant species to include Elaeis guincensis, Polyaithia longifolia, Pinus spp, Gmelina arborea, Wodyetia bifareata, Citrus sinensis, Cocos nuciferia while others were the least dominant species found in the study area. The Margalef, Mehinicks and Shannon Wiener values were consistently highest in station 2 but lowest in station 3.  Human disturbances had negative impact on tree species abundance especially in site 3. It is therefore recommended that management interventions are necessary in other to stop indiscriminate felling of the various trees species that made up the different groups.

scholarly journals The Draft Genome Assembly of the Critically Endangered Nyssa yunnanensis, a Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations Endemic to Yunnan Province, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weixue Mu ◽  
Jinpu Wei ◽  
Ting Yang ◽  
Yannan Fan ◽  
Le Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Critically Endangered ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Small Populations

Nyssa yunnanensis is a deciduous tree in family Nayssaceae within the order Cornales. As only 8 individuals in 2 sites recorded in Yunnan province of China, the species was listed as the China&rsquo;s national grade-I protection species in 1999, and also as one of 120 PSESP(Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations) in Implementation Plan of Rescuing and Conserving China&rsquo;s Plant Species with extremely Small Populations(PSESP) (2011-2-15). N. yunnanensis was also been evaluated as Critically Endangered in IUCN red list and Threatened Species List of China's Higher Plants. Hence understanding the genomic characteristics of this highly endangered Tertiary relict tree species is essential, especially for developing conservation strategies. Here we sequenced and annotated the genome of N. yunnanensis using 10X genomics linked-reads sequencing data. The de novo assembled genome is 1474Mb in length with a scaffold N50 length of 985.59kb. We identified 823.51Mb of non-redundant sequence as repetitive elements and annotated 39,803 protein-coding genes in the assembly. Our result provided the genomic characteristics of N. yunnanensis, which will provide valuable resources for future genomic and evolutionary studies, especially for conservation biology studies of this extremely threatened tree species.

scholarly journals Plântulas de espécies arbóreas na floresta ciliar do rio Mogi Guaçu, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil

Hoehnea ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Israel Henrique Buttner Queiroz ◽  
Ricardo Augusto Gorne Viani ◽  
Renata Sebastiani
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Riparian Forest ◽  
The State ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Forest Community ◽  
Adult Individual ◽  
Morphological Aspects ◽  
Forest Remnant

RESUMO The permanence of a plant species in a forest community depends on its number of specimens and its distribution in the various sizes of individuals, including seedlings. Seedlings and seeds from a forest remnant in Pirassununga were collected and analyzed for the degree of threat, possible height of the adult individual, occurrence in phytophysiognomies and region and morphological aspects. 116 seedlings available in 39 morphospecies were collected, and the germination of collected seeds provided 40 species. The present study brought news regarding the morphological aspects, the identification and the distribution of seedlings of tree species in a riparian forest area in the Mogi Guaçu River Basin and in the State of São Paulo.

scholarly journals KOMUNITAS MAKRO ALGA DI PERAIRAN PANTAI ERI TELUK AMBON

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-45
Author(s):  
Frijona F Lokollo
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Occurrence Frequency ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Gracilaria Salicornia ◽  
Turbinaria Ornata ◽  
Belt Transect ◽  
Macro Algae

This research was conducted in Eri Beach, Ambon Bay on November 2016 to study community structure which consist of species composition, density and occurrence frequency of macro algae.  Sample of macro algae was collected by using belt transect method.  The results showed that there were 11 species of macro algae in the area which were belonged to 11 genera, 9 families, 8 orders, 3 classes and 3 divisions. Those species were Halimeda opuntia and Caulerpa serrulata (Chlorophyta), Padina minor and Turbinaria ornata (Phaeophya), Amphiroa rigida, Galaxaura rugosa, Ceratodictyon spongiosum, Gracilaria Salicornia, Laurencia papillosa, Acanthophora muscoides and Halymenia durvillaei (Rhodophyta). The highest density was represented by Amphiroa rigida (2.02 ind/m2) while the highest relative frequency of occurrence belonged to Padina minor (27%). Keywords : Community, macro algae, density, Eri, Ambon Bay   ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui struktur komunitas makro alga meliputi komposisi jenis, frekuensi kehadiran serta kepadatan di Pantai Eri. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan November 2016. Stasiun pengamatan makro alga yaitu di perairan pantai Eri. Metode sampling menggunakan Belt Transect. Hasil penelitian ditemukan 11 spesies, 11 genus, 9 famili, 8 ordo, 3 kelas dan 3 devisi. Chlorophyta terdiri dari Halimeda opuntia dan Caulerpa serrulata. Phaeophya terdiri dari Padina minor dan Turbinaria ornata. Rhodophyta terdiri dari Amphiroa rigida, Galaxaura rugosa, Ceratodictyon spongiosum, Gracilaria Salicornia, Laurencia papillosa, Acanthophora muscoides dan Halymenia durvillaei. Kepadatan jenis tertinggi spesies A. rigida (2.02 ind/m2) dan frekuensi kehadiran relatif tertinggi spesies Padina minor (27%).

scholarly journals Plant, fungal, bacterial, and nitrogen interactions in the litter layer of a native Patagonian forest

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucía Vivanco ◽  
Nicolás Rascovan ◽  
Amy T. Austin
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Litter Decomposition ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
N Addition ◽  
Litter Layer ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Stimulation Of

Plant–microbial interactions in the litter layer represent one of the most relevant interactions for biogeochemical cycling as litter decomposition is a key first step in carbon and nitrogen turnover. However, our understanding of these interactions in the litter layer remains elusive. In an old-growth mixed Nothofagus forest in Patagonia, we studied the effects of single tree species identity and the mixture of three tree species on the fungal and bacterial composition in the litter layer. We also evaluated the effects of nitrogen (N) addition on these plant–microbial interactions. In addition, we compared the magnitude of stimulation of litter decomposition due to home field advantage (HFA, decomposition occurs more rapidly when litter is placed beneath the plant species from which it had been derived than beneath a different plant species) and N addition that we previously demonstrated in this same forest, and used microbial information to interpret these results. Tree species identity had a strong and significant effect on the composition of fungal communities but not on the bacterial community of the litter layer. The microbial composition of the litter layer under the tree species mixture show an averaged contribution of each single tree species. N addition did not erase the plant species footprint on the fungal community, and neither altered the bacterial community. N addition stimulated litter decomposition as much as HFA for certain tree species, but the mechanisms behind N and HFA stimulation may have differed. Our results suggest that stimulation of decomposition from N addition might have occurred due to increased microbial activity without large changes in microbial community composition, while HFA may have resulted principally from plant species’ effects on the litter fungal community. Together, our results suggest that plant–microbial interactions can be an unconsidered driver of litter decomposition in temperate forests.

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