scholarly journals Morphology and structure of acorn starches isolated by enzymatic and alkaline methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Paula M. R. Correia ◽  
Luísa Cruz-Lopes ◽  
Luísa Beirão-da-Costa
Keyword(s):  
Quercus Suber ◽  
Granule Size ◽  
Relative Crystallinity ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
Morphology And Structure ◽  
Isolation Methods ◽  
Type Pattern ◽  
Cp Mas Nmr ◽  
Quercus Rotundifolia ◽  
Oval Shape

Abstract Morphology and structure of starch from fruits of two acorns species, Quercus rotundifolia Lam. (QR) and Quercus suber Lam. (QS), isolated by enzymatic (ENZ) and alkaline (A3S) methods were studied. Acorn starches granules presented a round and oval shape, consisting of medium/small granules, with a mean granule size ranging between 9 and 13 µm. Isolated acorn starches appear as light grayish-brown in naked eye, with high values of L* for starches isolated by the ENZ method, and QR starches were duller than QS. No differences were observed for all the samples in FTIR spectra results. Acorn starches showed a C-type pattern, with a relative crystallinity between 43.1 and 46.6%. The 13C CP/MAS NMR spectra are different for the used isolation methods but are similar for both acorn species. However, acorn-isolated starches presented a predominant A-type allomorph packing type, and the A3S starches showed a higher degree of crystalline material. Those differences in the structure of acorn starches would be helpful to better understand the relationships among structure and functional properties for a possible potential industrial application of chestnut starches.

scholarly journals Vegetación del sector malacitano-axarquiense (Comarca de la Axarquía. Montes de Málaga y Corredor de Colmenar). Málaga (España).

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 215-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés V. Pérez-Latorre ◽  
Gonzalo Caballero ◽  
Federico Casimiro-Soriguer Solanas ◽  
Oscar Gavira ◽  
Baltasar Cabezudo
Keyword(s):  
Underground Water ◽  
Quercus Suber ◽  
Populus Alba ◽  
Ulmus Minor ◽  
The North ◽  
Maytenus Senegalensis ◽  
Fraxinus Angustifolia ◽  
New Type ◽  
Endangered Status ◽  
Quercus Rotundifolia

RESUMEN. Vegetación del sector Malacitano-Axarquiense (Comarca de La Axarquía, Montes deMálaga y Corredor de Colmenar). Málaga (España). Se ha realizado un estudio fitocenológico,florístico y fitogeográfico del sector Malacitano-Axarquiense (provincia Bética, Región Mediterránea),que coincide en gran medida con la comarca natural de la Axarquía, Montes de Málaga y Corredor deColmenar (provincia de Málaga, Andalucía, España). Bioclimáticamente aparecen los pisostermomediterráneo seco y subhúmedo y el piso mesomediterráneo subhúmedo. Se propone unasectorización fitogeográfica a un nivel inferior al de sector, con 5 unidades: unidad Axarquiense (lamás oriental), unidad Montes de Málaga (la de mayor elevación y precipitación anual), unidad Almogía(la más occidental), unidad Hacho de Pizarra (geomorfológicamente aislada) y unidad Corredor deColmenar (al norte de las anteriores). Se han recolectado algunos táxones de interés por su grado deamenaza, por estar protegidos, por ser endemismos o muy escasos. El territorio presenta una elevadacantidad de sintaxones (85) si tenemos en cuenta que ha sufrido una fuerte antropización por lainfluencia de la ciudad de Málaga y por la gran extensión de cultivos marginales. De estos sintaxonesdestacan algunas novedades como un tipo de alcornocal (Centaureo sempervirentis-Quercetum suberis)o una alianza de pastizales vivaces otoñales (Ranunculion bullati). Se han catalogado 13 series devegetación: 4 de tipo climatófilo caracterizadas por vegetación climácica de árboles planifolios(Quercus rotundifolia, Quercus suber); 6 edafohidrófilas con vegetación climácica dominada porárboles caducifolios (Populus alba, Ulmus minor, Fraxinus angustifolia) o arbustos de riberas o nivelesfreáticos (Salix pedicellata, Neirum oleander, Tamarix africana); 3 edafoxerófilas caracterizadasclimácicamente por arbustos relictuales (Maytenus senegalensis, Juniperus turbinata) o árboles (Oleasylvestris). La vegetación de complejos edafogénicos se desarrolla en suelos con niveles freáticos(Coriaria myrtifolia), lagunas (hidrófitos), dunas y arenales (psammófitos) y acantilados litorales(Limonium malacitanum). Se aportan en este trabajo el esquema sintaxonómico, los inventarios y/otablas fitosociológicas de novedades o interés especial y un mapa fitogeográfico.Palabras clave. Vegetación, fitogeografía, sintaxonomía, Montes de Málaga, Axarquía, Málaga,Andalucía, España.SUMMARY. Vegetation of the Axarquia, Montes de Malaga and Colmenar Corridor (Malacitano-Axarquiense phytogeographical sector) Málaga (Spain). A series of phytocoenological, floristic andphytogeographical studies have been made in the Malacitano-Axarquiense sector (Betica province,Mediterranean region) that corresponds to the local territories of Axarquía, Montes de Málaga andCorredor de Colmenar (Malaga province, Andalusia, Spain). The bioclimatic belts of the studiedterritory are thermomediterranean dry and subhumid and mesomediterranean subhumid. The proposedphytogeographical division under sector level delimits 5 units: Axarquiense (eastern most), Montesde Málaga (the highest and with higher rainfall), Almogía (western most), Hacho de Pizarra(lithologically isolated) and Corredor de Colmenar (located at the north of the others). Some interestingplants have been pointed out due to its endangered status or being protected by law, endemics or rare.In the studied territory develop a large number of sintaxa (85) if we consider that the land has suffereda strong man influence (large expanse of dry-farmed crops) and it is very near to the city of Málaga.Some sintaxa stand out: a new type of Quercus suber forest (Centaureo sempervirentis-Quercetumsuberis) and a new alliance for autumnal geophyte grasslands (Ranunculion bullati). A total amountof 13 vegetation series have been catalogued: 4 series are climactic and characterised by sclerophyllbroad-leaved trees (Quercus rotundifolia, Quercus suber); 6 edaphohydrophyllic series with climaxcharacterised by deciduous trees (Populus alba, Ulmus minor, Fraxinus angustifolia) or tall shrubs(Salix pedicellata, Neirum oleander, Tamarix africana) in riversides or underground water tables; 3edaphoxerophyllic series characterised by relict shrublands (Maytenus senegalensis, Juniperusturbinata) or trees (Olea sylvestris). The vegetation that develops in mosaic-complexes correspondsto damp soils (Coriaria myrtifolia), pools (hydrophytes), dunes and sandy areas (psammophytes) andcoastal cliffs (Limonium malacitanum). This work includes a syntaxonomical scheme, relevés ortables for interesting new phytosociological sintaxa and a phytogeographical map.Key words. Vegetation, Phytogeography, sintaxonomy, Montes de Málaga, Axarquía, Malaga,Andalusia, Spain.

Variability in subcutaneous fat composition of Iberian pigs reared in free-range conditions in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 665-673
Author(s):  
J.F. Tejeda ◽  
A. Hernández-Matamoros ◽  
J.M. García-Cascos ◽  
E. González
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Quercus Suber ◽  
Relative Area ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Fat Composition ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Quercus Rotundifolia

A total of 80 free-range Iberian pigs reared with acorns and grass in eight different free-range systems (n = 10) in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula were used to determine the relationship between fatty acid, tocopherol, and neophytadiene subcutaneous fat composition. The pigs were fed extensively for 79.1 ± 9.5 d from 110.9 ± 11.9 kg live weight at the beginning of the final fattening phase to 175.0 ± 15.9 kg slaughtered weight. Quercus suber and Quercus rotundifolia acorns were characterised by a high content of C18:1n-9 (58.3 and 63.1%, respectively) and γ-tocopherol [43.7 and 43.0 mg kg−1 dry matter (DM), respectively], while grass exhibited a high content of C18:3n-3 (42.5%), α-tocopherol (366.5 mg kg−1 DM) and neophytadiene (136.2 relative area units). The C18:1n-9 (54.4%–57.7%) and γ-tocopherol (2.7–4.1 mg kg−1 DM) contents in subcutaneous fat from Iberian pigs differed (p < 0.001) between the free-range systems studied. Pasture intake had a significant effect (p < 0.01) on subcutaneous fat content of C18:3n-3 (0.5%–0.8%), α-tocopherol (7.8–13.1 mg kg−1 DM) and neophytadiene (2.6–6.3 relative area units). However, the results demonstrated no correlations between accumulated levels of these compounds throughout the free-range period. In conclusion, the absence of correlations corroborated the heterogeneity of extensive rearing systems, with variations between years and geographical areas where the Iberian pigs were reared.

scholarly journals Flora y vegetación de la Sierra de Alcaparaín (Málaga, España)

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés V. Pérez-Latorre ◽  
Federico Casimiro-Soriguer Solanas ◽  
Baltasar Cabezudo
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Halepensis ◽  
Quercus Suber ◽  
European Population ◽  
Aleppo Pine ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Juniperus Oxycedrus ◽  
Juniperus Phoenicea ◽  
Special Area ◽  
New Syntaxa ◽  
Quercus Rotundifolia

Español. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar un catálogo de la flora, de las comunidades vegetales y el estudio del dinamismo sucesional y del paisaje vegetal de la Sierra de Alcaparaín, que forma parte de una Zona de Especial Conservación (ZEC) situada en la provincia de Málaga (Andalucía, España). El macrobioclima es de tipo mediterráneo con termotipos termo y mesomediterráneo y ombrotipos seco y subhúmedo. El área de estudio está compuesta geológicamente por materiales calizo-dolomíticos, silíceos y peridotíticos, con elevadas pendientes y altitudes entre 400 y 1295 m. y se encuentra en la provincia fitogeográfica Bética (región Mediterránea), con los sectores Rondeño (zonas calizo-dolomíticas), Malacitano-Axarquiense (zonas silíceas) y Bermejense (zonas peridotíticas). El catálogo florístico se compone de 467 taxones, destacando el endemismo local Armeria grajoana y Centaurea carratracensis (VU), endémica del subsector Carratracense (sector Bermejense). Otros taxones interesantes son Linaria clementei (VU), Platycapnos tenuiloba subsp. parallela (VU), Polygala webbiana (única localidad europea), Salvia candelabrum (VU) y Sarcocapnos baetica subsp. baetica (VU). Son remarcables también un total de 7 serpentinófitos destacando Crepis bermejana, Galium boissieranum (VU) y G. viridiflorum (VU). Se han catalogado 28 comunidades y asociaciones vegetales, entre las que destacan como novedades sintaxonómicas la vegetación glerícola vivaz sobre peridotitas (Crambe filiformisCentaureetum carratracensis comb. nova et stat. nov.), los jarales silicícolas rondeños (Lavandulo stoechadisGenistetum equisetiformis ulicetosum baetici subass. nova), los pinares-sabinares mesomediterráneos (Pino halepensis-Juniperetum phoeniceae rhamnetosum myrtifoliae subass. nova) y los encinares edafoxerófilodolomitícolas (Rhamno myrtifoliae-Quercetum rotundifoliae ass. nova). El dinamismo sucesional se expresa en seis series de vegetación. Dos series climatófilas termo y mesomediterráneas de Quercus rotundifolia y de Quercus suber. Tres series edafoxerófilas: termo-mesomediterránea calcícola-dolomitícola de Pinus halepensis y Juniperus phoenicea, mesomediterránea dolomitícola de Quercus rotundifolia y serpentinícola con Juniperus oxycedrus. Existe también una serie edafohigrófila de saucedas (Salix pedicellata). En los frecuentes hábitats rupícolas se describen 3 complejos topogénicos (entre ellos uno con Saxifraga globulifera) y 2 glerícolas (uno sobre kakiritas con Linaria clementei y otro sobre serpentinas con Centaurea carratracensis). En la Sierra existen 8 grandes unidades de paisaje zonopotencial, caracterizados en gran medida por la presencia de Quercus rotundifolia y Q. suber, así como por gimnospermas como Pinus halepensis, Juniperus phoenicea y J. oxycedrus.English. The main objective of this work is to catalogue the flora and plant communities and to study the successional dynamics of the vegetation and landscape in the Alcaparain mountain range, which is part of a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) located in the province of Malaga (Andalusia, Spain). The macrobioclimate is Mediterranean with thermomediterranean and mesomediterranean thermotypes (vegetation belts) and dry and sub-humid ombrotypes. The study area is geologically composed of limestone-dolomitic materials, siliceous and ultramafic, with steep slopes and altitudes between 400 and 1295 m. and it is placed in the Betica phytogeographical province (Mediterranean region), with Rondeño sector (limestone-dolomite areas) Malacitano-Axarquiense sector (siliceous areas) and Bermejense sector (peridotite-ultramafic areas). The floristic list consists of 467 taxa, highlighting local endemism Armeria grajoana and Centaurea carratracensis (VU), this latter endemic to the Carratracense subsector (Bermejense sector). Other interesting taxa are Linaria clementei (VU), Platycapnostenuiloba subsp. parallela (VU), Polygala webbiana (unique European population), Salvia candelabrum (VU) and Sarcocapnos baetica subsp. baetica (VU). Also noteworthy are a total of 7 serpentinophytes highlighting Crepis bermejana, Galium boissieranum (VU) and G. viridiflorum (VU). 28 communities and plant associations have been catalogued, among which are new syntaxa as the perennial scree vegetation on peridotites (Crambe filiformisCentaureetum carratracensis comb. nova et stat. nov.), the silicicolous shrublands of Rondense subsector (Lavandulo stoechadis-Genistetum equisetiformis ulicetosum baetici subass. nova), the mesomediterranean pine-juniper open forest (Pino halepensis-Juniperetum phoeniceae rhamnetosum myrtifoliae subass. nova) and dolomitic edaphoxerophyllous oak shrublands (Rhamno myrtifoliae-Quercetum rotundifoliae ass. nova). The successional dynamism is expressed in six vegetation series. Two are thermo- and mesomediterranean climatophilous series of Quercus rotundifolia and Quercus suber respectively. Three are edaphoxerophyllous series: thermo-mesomediterranean calcicolous-dolomiticolous with Aleppo pine and Juniperus phoenicea, dolomiticolous mesomediterranean of Quercus rotundifolia and serpentinicolous with Juniperus oxycedrus. There is also one edaphohygrophyllous series of willow (Salix pedicellata). Vegetation of the frequent rocky and cliff habitats are described in three topogenous complexes (including one with Saxifraga globulifera) and two in screes (one on kakirite sands with Linaria clementei and another on serpentine small slopes with Centaurea carratracensis). In the Sierra there are eight large zonopotential units of landscape, mainly characterized by the presence of Quercus rotundifolia (and in a lesser extent, Q. suber) as well as gymnosperms as Aleppo pine, Juniperus phoenicea and J. oxycedrus. 

scholarly journals Datos sobre la flora y vegetación de la Serranía de Ronda (Málaga)

1998 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 149-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés V. Pérez Latorre ◽  
Patricia Navas ◽  
David Navas ◽  
Yolanda Gil ◽  
Baltasar Cabezudo
Keyword(s):  
Quercus Suber ◽  
Nerium Oleander ◽  
Quercus Pyrenaica ◽  
Juniperus Phoenicea ◽  
Fraxinus Angustifolia ◽  
Abies Pinsapo ◽  
Juniperus Sabina ◽  
Quercus Rotundifolia

Se ha realizado un estudio de la flora y vegetación del Parque Natural de la Sierra de las Nieves (Málaga, España). Como resultado se han catalogado 1400 táxones, de los que en este trabajo destacamos 36, por ser especies protegidas, primeras citas y endémicas de la zona. Se propone una nueva combinación: Ulex baeticus subsp. bourgaeanus. Se han inventariado un total de 78 asociaciones y comunidades. Se describen como nuevos sintáxones una alianza (Pino pinastri-Juniperion phoeniceae), 12 asociaciones, 9 subasociaciones y 1 combinación nueva. Se reconocen 6 series climatófilas de las que dos son de alcornocales (Quercus suber), una de encinares (Quercus rotundifolia), una de robledales (Quercus pyrenaica), una de quejigales (Quema alpestris) y una de sabinares-enebrales (Juniperus sabina). Otras 5 series son edafoxerófilas de las que dos corresponden a pinsapares (Abies pinsapo), dos a sabinares (Juniperus phoenicea) y una a pinares (Pious pinaster). Además reconocemos 5 series edafohigrófilas: 1 de fresnedas (Fraxinus angustifolia), dos de saucedas (Salix pedicellata) y 2 de adelfares (Nerium oleander). Se presenta como resultado final el esquema sintaxonómico completo del Parque.

DETERMINATION OF CRYSTALLINITY OF CARBOHYDRATES BY 13C CROSS POLARIZATION/MAGIC ANGLE SPINNING NMR WITH APPLICATIONS TO THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FORAGES

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 695-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
NATSUKO CYR ◽  
R. M. ELOFSON ◽  
G. W. MATHISON
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Pulse Sequence ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Magic Angle Spinning ◽  
Magic Angle ◽  
Relative Crystallinity ◽  
Angle Spinning ◽  
Cp Mas Nmr ◽  
Good Agreement

An NMR technique using solid samples is presented. The relative "crystallinity" of carbohydrates is estimated by the use of a 20 ms delayed contact pulse sequence. There was good agreement between the crystallinity of cellulose determined by the NMR procedure and that estimated by using an acid hydrolysis procedure. The "crystallinity index" (crystallinity relative to that of cellulose powder at 100) of timothy stems increased from seven for samples cut on 30 June to 16 for those cut on 15 July. Mature-weathered timothy stems which were collected in the spring had a "crystallinity index" of 20. The carbohydrate crystallinity index increased from 10 in alfalfa-grass hay to 49 in a sample of fecal fiber from a steer fed this hay indicating that noncrystalline carbohydrate is preferentially digested in the animal. Treatment of fecal fiber with ammonia decreased the crystallinity index. It was concluded that the NMR technique can provide useful information concerning the nature of the carbohydrates in forages. Key words: I3C CP/MAS NMR, delayed contact pulse sequence, crystallinity, carbohydrates

scholarly journals Flora y vegetación de la Sierra de Alcaparaín (Málaga, España)

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 107-156
Author(s):  
Andrés V. Pérez-Latorre ◽  
Federico Casimiro-Soriguer Solanas ◽  
Baltasar Cabezudo
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Halepensis ◽  
Quercus Suber ◽  
European Population ◽  
Aleppo Pine ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Juniperus Oxycedrus ◽  
Juniperus Phoenicea ◽  
Special Area ◽  
New Syntaxa ◽  
Quercus Rotundifolia

Español. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar un catálogo de la flora, de las comunidades vegetales y el estudio del dinamismo sucesional y del paisaje vegetal de la Sierra de Alcaparaín, que forma parte de una Zona de Especial Conservación (ZEC) situada en la provincia de Málaga (Andalucía, España). El macrobioclima es de tipo mediterráneo con termotipos termo y mesomediterráneo y ombrotipos seco y subhúmedo. El área de estudio está compuesta geológicamente por materiales calizo-dolomíticos, silíceos y peridotíticos, con elevadas pendientes y altitudes entre 400 y 1295 m. y se encuentra en la provincia fitogeográfica Bética (región Mediterránea), con los sectores Rondeño (zonas calizo-dolomíticas), Malacitano-Axarquiense (zonas silíceas) y Bermejense (zonas peridotíticas). El catálogo florístico se compone de 467 taxones, destacando el endemismo local Armeria grajoana y Centaurea carratracensis (VU), endémica del subsector Carratracense (sector Bermejense). Otros taxones interesantes son Linaria clementei (VU), Platycapnos tenuiloba subsp. parallela (VU), Polygala webbiana (única localidad europea), Salvia candelabrum (VU) y Sarcocapnos baetica subsp. baetica (VU). Son remarcables también un total de 7 serpentinófitos destacando Crepis bermejana, Galium boissieranum (VU) y G. viridiflorum (VU). Se han catalogado 28 comunidades y asociaciones vegetales, entre las que destacan como novedades sintaxonómicas la vegetación glerícola vivaz sobre peridotitas (Crambe filiformisCentaureetum carratracensis comb. nova et stat. nov.), los jarales silicícolas rondeños (Lavandulo stoechadisGenistetum equisetiformis ulicetosum baetici subass. nova), los pinares-sabinares mesomediterráneos (Pino halepensis-Juniperetum phoeniceae rhamnetosum myrtifoliae subass. nova) y los encinares edafoxerófilodolomitícolas (Rhamno myrtifoliae-Quercetum rotundifoliae ass. nova). El dinamismo sucesional se expresa en seis series de vegetación. Dos series climatófilas termo y mesomediterráneas de Quercus rotundifolia y de Quercus suber. Tres series edafoxerófilas: termo-mesomediterránea calcícola-dolomitícola de Pinus halepensis y Juniperus phoenicea, mesomediterránea dolomitícola de Quercus rotundifolia y serpentinícola con Juniperus oxycedrus. Existe también una serie edafohigrófila de saucedas (Salix pedicellata). En los frecuentes hábitats rupícolas se describen 3 complejos topogénicos (entre ellos uno con Saxifraga globulifera) y 2 glerícolas (uno sobre kakiritas con Linaria clementei y otro sobre serpentinas con Centaurea carratracensis). En la Sierra existen 8 grandes unidades de paisaje zonopotencial, caracterizados en gran medida por la presencia de Quercus rotundifolia y Q. suber, así como por gimnospermas como Pinus halepensis, Juniperus phoenicea y J. oxycedrus.English. The main objective of this work is to catalogue the flora and plant communities and to study the successional dynamics of the vegetation and landscape in the Alcaparain mountain range, which is part of a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) located in the province of Malaga (Andalusia, Spain). The macrobioclimate is Mediterranean with thermomediterranean and mesomediterranean thermotypes (vegetation belts) and dry and sub-humid ombrotypes. The study area is geologically composed of limestone-dolomitic materials, siliceous and ultramafic, with steep slopes and altitudes between 400 and 1295 m. and it is placed in the Betica phytogeographical province (Mediterranean region), with Rondeño sector (limestone-dolomite areas) Malacitano-Axarquiense sector (siliceous areas) and Bermejense sector (peridotite-ultramafic areas). The floristic list consists of 467 taxa, highlighting local endemism Armeria grajoana and Centaurea carratracensis (VU), this latter endemic to the Carratracense subsector (Bermejense sector). Other interesting taxa are Linaria clementei (VU), Platycapnostenuiloba subsp. parallela (VU), Polygala webbiana (unique European population), Salvia candelabrum (VU) and Sarcocapnos baetica subsp. baetica (VU). Also noteworthy are a total of 7 serpentinophytes highlighting Crepis bermejana, Galium boissieranum (VU) and G. viridiflorum (VU). 28 communities and plant associations have been catalogued, among which are new syntaxa as the perennial scree vegetation on peridotites (Crambe filiformisCentaureetum carratracensis comb. nova et stat. nov.), the silicicolous shrublands of Rondense subsector (Lavandulo stoechadis-Genistetum equisetiformis ulicetosum baetici subass. nova), the mesomediterranean pine-juniper open forest (Pino halepensis-Juniperetum phoeniceae rhamnetosum myrtifoliae subass. nova) and dolomitic edaphoxerophyllous oak shrublands (Rhamno myrtifoliae-Quercetum rotundifoliae ass. nova). The successional dynamism is expressed in six vegetation series. Two are thermo- and mesomediterranean climatophilous series of Quercus rotundifolia and Quercus suber respectively. Three are edaphoxerophyllous series: thermo-mesomediterranean calcicolous-dolomiticolous with Aleppo pine and Juniperus phoenicea, dolomiticolous mesomediterranean of Quercus rotundifolia and serpentinicolous with Juniperus oxycedrus. There is also one edaphohygrophyllous series of willow (Salix pedicellata). Vegetation of the frequent rocky and cliff habitats are described in three topogenous complexes (including one with Saxifraga globulifera) and two in screes (one on kakirite sands with Linaria clementei and another on serpentine small slopes with Centaurea carratracensis). In the Sierra there are eight large zonopotential units of landscape, mainly characterized by the presence of Quercus rotundifolia (and in a lesser extent, Q. suber) as well as gymnosperms as Aleppo pine, Juniperus phoenicea and J. oxycedrus. 

Allelic variations in the soluble starch synthase II gene family result in changes of grain quality and starch properties in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

2016 ◽  
Vol 155 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Y. FAN ◽  
M. GUO ◽  
R. D. LI ◽  
Y. H. YANG ◽  
M. LIU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Amylose Content ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Soluble Starch ◽  
Granule Size ◽  
Starch Synthase ◽  
Relative Crystallinity ◽  
Starch Properties ◽  
Soluble Starch Synthase Ii

SUMMARYSoluble starch synthase II (SSII) plays an important role in the biosynthesis of starch and in rice it consists of three isoforms encoded by SSII-1, SSII-2 and SSII-3. However, the genetic effects of various SSII alleles on grain quality have not been systematically characterized. In the present study, the japonica alleles on SSII-1, SSII-2 and SSII-3 (SSIIa) loci from a japonica cultivar, Suyunuo, were respectively introgressed by molecular marker-assisted selection into a typical indica cultivar, Guichao2, through successive backcrossing, generating three sets of near-isogenic lines (NILs). Grain quality and starch property analysis showed that NIL-SSII-3j exhibited significant decreases in the following parameters: amylose content, average granule size, and setback viscosity and consistency; but increases in peak viscosity, hot paste viscosity, gelatinization temperature and relative crystallinity. Moreover, the proportion of short amylopectin chains and branching degree also increased when compared with those of NIL-SSII-3i (Guochao2). Similar effects were observed in NIL-SSII-1j, and certain alterations in the fine structure of starch (granule size) were revealed. However, NIL-SSII-2j did not exert significant effect on grain quality and starch properties. In brief, among the SSII gene family, the functional diversity occurred on SSII-1 and SSII-3, and not on SSII-2. Therefore, it appears that more attention should be directed to SSII-1 and SSII-3 loci for improving the eating and cooking quality of rice.

Ultrastructural study on the development of rat amygdaloid body

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 432-433
Author(s):  
A. Manolova ◽  
S. Manolov
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Amygdaloid Complex ◽  
Amygdaloid Body ◽  
Thin Ring ◽  
Morphological Criteria ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Abundant Cytoplasm ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Oval Shape

Relatively few data on the development of the amygdaloid complex are available only at the light microscopic level (1-3). The existence of just general morphological criteria requires the performance of other investigations in particular ultrastructural in order to obtain new and more detailed information about the changes in the amygdaloid complex during development.The prenatal and postnatal development of rat amygdaloid complex beginning from the 12th embrionic day (ED) till the 33rd postnatal day (PD) has been studied. During the early stages of neurogenesis (12ED), the nerve cells were observed to be closely packed, small-sized, with oval shape. A thin ring of cytoplasm surrounded their large nuclei, their nucleoli being very active with various size and form (Fig.1). Some cells possessed more abundant cytoplasm. The perikarya were extremely rich in free ribosomes. Single sacs of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria were observed among them. The mitochondria were with light matrix and possessed few cristae. Neural processes were viewed to sprout from some nerve cells (Fig.2). Later the nuclei were still comparatively large and with various shape.

Heart Rate Signal Decomposition

2000 ◽  
Vol 39 (02) ◽  
pp. 200-203
Author(s):  
H. Mizuta ◽  
K. Yana
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Pressure Change ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Signal Decomposition ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Heart Rate Fluctuations ◽  
Type Pattern ◽  
Signal Cancellation ◽  
Pressure Changes

Abstract:This paper proposes a method for decomposing heart rate fluctuations into background, respiratory and blood pressure oriented fluctuations. A signal cancellation scheme using the adaptive RLS algorithm has been introduced for canceling respiration and blood pressure oriented changes in the heart rate fluctuations. The computer simulation confirmed the validity of the proposed method. Then, heart rate fluctuations, instantaneous lung volume and blood pressure changes are simultaneously recorded from eight normal subjects aged 20-24 years. It was shown that after signal decomposition, the power spectrum of the heart rate showed a consistent monotonic 1/fa type pattern. The proposed method enables a clear interpretation of heart rate spectrum removing uncertain large individual variations due to the respiration and blood pressure change.

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