Interfacial polycondensation method used in the synthesis of polymers containing phosphorus in the main chain

Abstract Polyphosphoesters gained importance especially due to their use as flame retardants and as biocompatible and biodegradable materials for medicine and in the pharmaceutical industry. This paper presents the results obtained by our research group in the synthesis of polyphosphoesters by interfacial polycondensation. This reaction is rapid and irreversible polymerization at the interface between a phase containing one difunctional intermediate and another phase containing a complementary difunctional reactant. Different methods like liquid–liquid, vapor–liquid or solid<uni-2013;liquid were used in the synthesis of polyphosphates of polyphosphonates using aliphatic/aromatic phosphoric/phosphonic dichlorides and different diols. Aqueous NaOH, or tripotasium phosphate were used as bases. In almost all cases a catalyst is not needed.

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Thermodynamics and Machine Learning Based Approaches for Vapor–Liquid–Liquid Phase Equilibria in n-Octane/Water, as a Naphtha–Water Surrogate in Water Blends

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr9030413 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 413

Author(s):

Sandra Lopez-Zamora ◽

Jeonghoon Kong ◽

Salvador Escobedo ◽

Hugo de Lasa

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Liquid Phase ◽

Phase Equilibria ◽

Aspen Plus ◽

Phase Region ◽

Two Phase ◽

Technical Literature ◽

Phase Liquid ◽

Liquid Vapor ◽

Vapor Liquid

The prediction of phase equilibria for hydrocarbon/water blends in separators, is a subject of considerable importance for chemical processes. Despite its relevance, there are still pending questions. Among them, is the prediction of the correct number of phases. While a stability analysis using the Gibbs Free Energy of mixing and the NRTL model, provide a good understanding with calculation issues, when using HYSYS V9 and Aspen Plus V9 software, this shows that significant phase equilibrium uncertainties still exist. To clarify these matters, n-octane and water blends, are good surrogates of naphtha/water mixtures. Runs were developed in a CREC vapor–liquid (VL_ Cell operated with octane–water mixtures under dynamic conditions and used to establish the two-phase (liquid–vapor) and three phase (liquid–liquid–vapor) domains. Results obtained demonstrate that the two phase region (full solubility in the liquid phase) of n-octane in water at 100 °C is in the 10-4 mol fraction range, and it is larger than the 10-5 mol fraction predicted by Aspen Plus and the 10-7 mol fraction reported in the technical literature. Furthermore, and to provide an effective and accurate method for predicting the number of phases, a machine learning (ML) technique was implemented and successfully demonstrated, in the present study.

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Stakeholders’ Perspective of Role of Policy and Legislation in Achieving Medicines’ Security

International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies ◽

10.32861/ijwpds.66.66.73 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 66-73

Author(s):

Obi Peter Adigwe

Keyword(s):

Pharmaceutical Industry ◽

Age Groups ◽

Significant Proportion ◽

Access To Medicines ◽

Pharmaceutical Products ◽

Similar Proportion ◽

Security Issue ◽

The Government ◽

Almost All

Background: The role of the pharmaceutical industry in a country such as Nigeria in the provision of safe, high quality and efficacious pharmaceutical products to meet the healthcare need of the populace, cannot be over-emphasized. This study was undertaken to critically look at the issues affecting Medicines’ Security in Nigeria. Methods: A self-completion questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire was administered to participants of an Industry event in September 2017. Data collected were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science. Results: A total number of 800 questionnaires were administered to the participants and 529 of the questionnaires were included for analysis. Male participants (58.6%) were more than female participants, all age groups were well represented and more than a third of the respondents had first degree as their minimum qualification. Majority of the respondents (91.3%) indicated that Ministry of Health and its agencies were key to protecting the pharmaceutical sector, while slightly less of that proportion (79.1%) indicated that they patronized Nigeria pharmaceutical products. Almost all the participants (91.7%) supported the need for the local pharmaceutical industry to have access to sustainable funding and other incentives. A similar proportion (89.6%) of the respondents indicated that the local pharmaceutical industry should be prioritized in policy making and implementation. A significant proportion of the study participants (82.3%) indicated that access to medicines in Nigeria is a security issue. Conclusion: To ensure Medicines’ Security and attain medicines self-sufficiency in Nigeria, radical policies must therefore be put in place, together with enabling good business and industrial environment by the government in order to protect, promote and grow the local pharmaceutical industry in Nigeria.

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Quality assurance in the blood transfusion services

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Section B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0269727000005777 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 101 ◽

pp. 241-249

Author(s):

John D. Cash

Keyword(s):

Quality Assurance ◽

Pharmaceutical Industry ◽

Blood Transfusion ◽

Quality Standards ◽

Blood Products ◽

Audit Process ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Almost All ◽

Developed World ◽

Staff Involvement

SynopsisBlood transfusion services, in almost all parts of the developed world, are subject to the same rigours of quality standards as those applied to the rest of the pharmaceutical industry. These standards are established and monitored by governments but are greatly enhanced by staff involvement and commitment. More recent developments, which in some respects are unique to blood transfusion services, have been the commitment of many blood transfusion services to engage in an audit process which seeks to define better the most appropriate uses of blood and blood products.

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The study of the vapor-liquid interfacial polycondensation of the cyclohexylphosphonic dichloride with bisphenol A

Polymer Bulletin ◽

10.1007/s002890170071 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 46 (2-3) ◽

pp. 165-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Smaranda Iliescu ◽

Gheorghe Ilia ◽

Adriana Popa ◽

Gheorghe Dehelean ◽

Lavinia Macarie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bisphenol A ◽

Interfacial Polycondensation ◽

Vapor Liquid

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Liquid−Liquid−Vapor, Liquid−Liquid, and Liquid−Vapor Phase Transitions in Aqueousn-Hexane Mixtures from Isochoric Heat Capacity Measurements

Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data ◽

10.1021/je010136s ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 46 (6) ◽

pp. 1556-1567 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Ibragimkhan K. Kamilov ◽

Gennadii V. Stepanov ◽

Ilmutdin M. Abdulagatov ◽

Anvar R. Rasulov ◽

Elena I. Milikhina

Keyword(s):

Heat Capacity ◽

Phase Transitions ◽

Vapor Phase ◽

Isochoric Heat Capacity ◽

Heat Capacity Measurements ◽

Liquid Vapor ◽

Vapor Liquid

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Interchangeability of biosimilars: A study of expert views and visions regarding the science and substitution

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0262537 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. e0262537

Author(s):

Louise C. Druedahl ◽

Sofia Kälvemark Sporrong ◽

Timo Minssen ◽

Hans Hoogland ◽

Marie Louise De Bruin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pharmaceutical Industry ◽

Scientific Data ◽

Data Driven ◽

Policy Debate ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Study Objective ◽

Scientific Certainty ◽

The Us ◽

Almost All ◽

Near Future

Healthcare systems have reached a critical point regarding the question of whether biosimilar substitution should become common practice. To move the discussion forward, the study objective was to investigate the views of experts from medicines agencies and the pharmaceutical industry on the science underpinning interchangeability of biosimilars. We conducted an empirical qualitative study using semi-structured interviews informed by a cross-disciplinary approach encompassing regulatory science, law, and pharmaceutical policy. In total 25 individuals with experience within biologics participated during September 2018–August 2019. Eight participants were EU national medicines authority regulators, and 17 had pharmaceutical industry background: five from two originator-only companies, four from two companies with both biosimilar and originator products, and eight from seven biosimilar-only companies. Two analysts independently conducted inductive content analysis, resulting in data-driven themes capturing the meaning of the data. The participants reported that interchangeability was more than a scientific question of likeness between biosimilar and reference products: it also pertained to regulatory practices and trust. Participants were overall confident in the science behind exchanging biosimilar products for the reference products via switching, i.e., with physician involvement. However, their opinions differed regarding the scientific risk associated with biosimilar substitution, i.e., without physician involvement. Almost all participants saw no need for additional scientific data to support substitution. Moreover, the participants did not believe that switching studies, as required in the US, were appropriate for obtaining scientific certainty due to their small size. It is unclear why biosimilar switching is viewed as scientifically safer than substitution; therefore, we expect greater policy debate on biosimilar substitution in the near future. We urge European and UK policymakers and regulators to clarify their visions for biosimilar substitution; the positions of these two frontrunners are likely to influence other jurisdictions on the future of biosimilar use.

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Using the ABPI data sheet compendium 1981–821

Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin ◽

10.1136/dtb.20.5.18 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 20 (5) ◽

pp. 18-18

Keyword(s):

Pharmaceutical Industry ◽

Data Sheet ◽

Hospital Pharmacies ◽

The Uk ◽

Almost All ◽

British Pharmaceutical Industry

We welcome the 1981–2 edition of the Compendium which has been distributed to all practising doctors and to retail and hospital pharmacies in the UK. It now includes data sheets for almost all the branded products made by member companies of the Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry (ABPI) and 25 non-member companies. It is easier to use than its predecessors because the index of approved names now gives page numbers.

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