scholarly journals Stakeholders’ Perspective of Role of Policy and Legislation in Achieving Medicines’ Security

2020 ◽  
pp. 66-73
Author(s):  
Obi Peter Adigwe
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Access To Medicines ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Similar Proportion ◽  
Security Issue ◽  
The Government ◽  
Almost All

Background: The role of the pharmaceutical industry in a country such as Nigeria in the provision of safe, high quality and efficacious pharmaceutical products to meet the healthcare need of the populace, cannot be over-emphasized. This study was undertaken to critically look at the issues affecting Medicines’ Security in Nigeria. Methods: A self-completion questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire was administered to participants of an Industry event in September 2017. Data collected were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science. Results: A total number of 800 questionnaires were administered to the participants and 529 of the questionnaires were included for analysis. Male participants (58.6%) were more than female participants, all age groups were well represented and more than a third of the respondents had first degree as their minimum qualification. Majority of the respondents (91.3%) indicated that Ministry of Health and its agencies were key to protecting the pharmaceutical sector, while slightly less of that proportion (79.1%) indicated that they patronized Nigeria pharmaceutical products. Almost all the participants (91.7%) supported the need for the local pharmaceutical industry to have access to sustainable funding and other incentives. A similar proportion (89.6%) of the respondents indicated that the local pharmaceutical industry should be prioritized in policy making and implementation. A significant proportion of the study participants (82.3%) indicated that access to medicines in Nigeria is a security issue. Conclusion: To ensure Medicines’ Security and attain medicines self-sufficiency in Nigeria, radical policies must therefore be put in place, together with enabling good business and industrial environment by the government in order to protect, promote and grow the local pharmaceutical industry in Nigeria.

Baku Oil and Transcaucasian Pipelines, 1883–1891: A Study in Tsarist Economic Policy

Slavic Review ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 604-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. McKay
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Crimean War ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Finance Minister ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Government ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Point Of Departure

The leading role of the state in nineteenth-century Russian industrialization is one of the most widely accepted notions in economic history. Thus state-sponsored industrialization, deeply rooted in the strength of the despotic state and the subservience of an undifferentiated peasantry and an insignificant middle class, began in earnest in the era of the Great Reforms, after the Crimean War had shocked the government out of its economic lethargy under Nicholas I and Finance Minister Kankrin. It continued unevenly thereafter until it crested in the burst of state-led growth in the 1890s. The “statist interpretation” of prerevolutionary Russian industrial development has been most notably expounded by Alexander Gerschenkron in a series of influential essays and by Theodore Von Laue in his biography of Sergei Witte. It thoroughly dominates non-Soviet scholarship and serves as the point of departure for almost all general investigations.

scholarly journals Peran Dinas Perpustakaan dan Kearsipan Aceh dalam Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstrusi Pembangunan Perpustakaan Pasca Tsunami Aceh

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Sri Wahyuni
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Tsunami Wave ◽  
Tectonic Earthquake ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Richter Scale ◽  
National Archives ◽  
Aceh Province ◽  
The Government ◽  
Almost All

At the end of the year, December 26, 2004, the world was shocked by a tectonic earthquake and tsunami wave in Aceh province with 8.9 magnitude on the Richter Scale. It destroyed almost all of aspects, including psychological, social, cultural, economic, and infrastructure. The Archives and Library Agency of Aceh were also devastated by the tsunami tantrums, even though the library was not badly damaged. There is a lot of infrastructure reconstruction in Aceh, including the agency of the Archives and Library which carries out reconstruction and rehabilitation actions. It is hoped that the Aceh National Archives and Library Board will be able to get up and running as usual after the tsunami, although it takes time to realize these desires. This was clearly supported by the government through the reconstruction regulation of the Aceh Library building. This study aims to examine the extent of the role of National Archives and Library to carry out initial library revitalization to support the recovery effort. Although this study only provides an initial estimate of damage which is a natural indication. Indications are generally serious effects like an impact on the recovery of various sectors. The result from Interviews conducted by researchers was found that the development of library and maintenance infrastructure cannot be done alone, but they must build the cooperation each institutions, both by government agencies (central and regional), NGOs (local and abroad), as well as international organizations and other countries.

scholarly journals Hepatic lymphocytes involved in the pathogenesis of pediatric and adult non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Cairoli ◽  
Elena De Matteo ◽  
Daniela Rios ◽  
Carol Lezama ◽  
Marcela Galoppo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Similar Proportion ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
T Helper Lymphocytes ◽  
Regulatory T Lymphocytes ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Cd4 Lymphocytes

AbstractThe immune response is critical in NAFLD pathogenesis, but the liver infiltrate’s composition and the role of each T cell population is still up for debate. To characterize liver pathogenesis in pediatric and adult cases, frequency and localization of immune cell populations [Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CD8+), T helper Lymphocytes (CD4+), Regulatory T lymphocytes (Foxp3+) and Th17 (IL-17A+)] were evaluated. In portal/periportal (P/P) tracts, both age groups displayed a similar proportion of CD8+ and CD4+ lymphocytes. However, comparable Foxp3+ and IL-17A+ cell frequencies were observed in pediatric cases, meanwhile, in adults Foxp3+ was higher than IL-17A+ cells. Interestingly, IL-17A+ lymphocytes seemed to be nearly exclusive of P/P area in both age groups. In intralobular areas, both pediatric and adult cases showed CD8+ lymphocytes predominance with lower frequencies of CD4+ lymphocytes followed by Foxp3+ . Severe inflammation was associated with higher intralobular Foxp3+ lymphocytes (p = 0.026) in children, and lower P/P Foxp3+ and higher IL-17A+ lymphocytes in adults. All cases with fibrosis ≥ 2 displayed P/P low Foxp3+ and high IL-17A+ lymphocyte counts. Pediatric cases with worse steatosis showed high P/P CD4+ (p = 0.023) and intralobular CD8+ (p = 0.027) and CD4+ cells (p = 0.012). In NAFLD cases, the lymphocyte liver infiltrate composition differs between histological areas. Treg and Th17 balance seems to condition damage progression, denoting their important role in pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Analisis Peran IMF terhadap Fenomena Inflasi tahun 1997-1998 di Negara Thailand

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
Aliya Nur Aziza ◽  
Audita Fathana ◽  
Ayun Faiza Yulianto
Keyword(s):  
Economic Stability ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Government Decision ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Exchange Policy ◽  
Monetary Crisis ◽  
Fiscal Austerity ◽  
The Government ◽  
Almost All

Monetary crisis in Asia is a condition when the huge inflation takes place in almost all of the Southeast Asia countries. Thailand become pioneer of monetary crisis in Asia. The value of the country's currency in Thailand fell due to the government decision in adopting managed-float exchange policy of Baht currency to the Dollar America. This led the government to take the decision for seeking a help from IMF in order to recover their economic stability. However, this attempt became more complicated as a consequence of IMF regulation. IMF could not provide a solution to recover economic crisis as some of the parties disagree with the financial support by providing loan for Asia countries. The inflation also was one of the reasons behind of IMF incapability to provide solutions tackling this issue. Therefore, this paper has the aim to investigate the role of IMF towards the inflation issue in Thailand in 1997-1998. The method used to collect data is to use Internet based research with data analysis techniques using qualitative descriptive methods. The results of this study are that the IMF issued several policies including Monetary Tightening Policy, Fiscal Austerity, and Application of Letter of Intent.

scholarly journals THE TENET OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ITS PRACTICE IN INDONESIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Ahmad Abbas ◽  
Wa Ode Rayyani ◽  
Edy Fitriawan Syahadat
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Small Firms ◽  
Environmental Aspect ◽  
Government Role ◽  
The Government ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Corporate Social

The tenet of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) positions the environment as logocentrism so that almost all firms increasingly desire to appear “green”. An expanding number of firms are going green and are made public through corporate social reports. Green CSR is a philosophy for describing the environmental aspect of CSR. In Indonesia, it however lacks the discussion and the response after the government applies the law and regulation. This paper highlights the Indonesian government role of attracting firms to be involved in carrying out the environmental performance. The tenet of legitimacy theory is reviewed to elaborate environmental CSR practice. The aim of this paper is to provide critical perspective of understanding the environmental responsibility. It posits that environmental CSR practice in Indonesia is only addressed to legitimize the business. Firms are more involved in carrying out the environmental performance due to the mandate from dominant rules and rating values enforced by the government. For an integrated synergy in maximizing sustainable development, the government should heighten collaboration activities with small firms and provide an assessment in accordance with their characteristics. Keywords: CSR, Environment, Firms, Legitimacy, Rule

scholarly journals PENCEGAHAN DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE (DBD) DI PONDOK PESANTREN AINUL YAKIN KOTA JAMBI

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Rahmah Rahmah ◽  
Nurfitriani Nurfitriani
Keyword(s):  
Health Service ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Boarding School ◽  
Active Role ◽  
The Government ◽  
Dengue Prevention

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever or commonly called DHF is a problem that often occurs between seasons, such as in Indonesia, usually the transition from the dry season to the rainy season and vice versa. DHF caused by the dengue virus not only attacks children, but now it can attack all age groups. Until now, the handling of DHF has not been able to be addressed optimally, so there are still many cases of deaths from dengue. The high number of dengue cases every year to the end of death certainly requires special handling so that this problem does not continue and there needs to be cooperation between the government and the active role of the community itself. The aim of health education / education on prevention of dengue in Ainul Islamic Boarding School is sure to be able to provide information on dengue prevention and can apply directly to all residents of Islamic boarding schools in order to detect early so that dengue fever outbreaks can be addressed and watched out as early as possible and can reduce the number pain or death.Efforts that can overcome these problems include 3 M (draining, closing, burying), maintaining the cleanliness of the house and the environment, do not hang clothes, and immediately seek treatment from the nearest health service if you find complaints such as continuous fever for more than 3 days

scholarly journals Evaluation of role of Krimighna ras in the management of Purishaj krumi chikitsa (intestinal heliminthiasis)

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankita Vijaykumar Apte
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Food Quality ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Treatment Concept ◽  
Almost All

Krimi or infection with helminths is commonly seen in day to day practice. Our acharyas has described krimi in detail with respect to its aetiology, clinical features and treatment. Concept of krimi and their relation in the development of disease is described in almost all ayurvedic samhita. Various environmental factors, unhygienic conditions, poor food quality, poverty are differen causes of krimi roga. It can be broadly correlated with Intestinal helminthiasis in modern science. It is affecting all age groups. "Krimighna ras"[1] is one such exclusive Rasa kalpa from bhaishajya ratnavali useful in krimi chikitsa. Here is a study of Dosha dushya samurchana, vyadhi vivechan and role of Krimighna Ras in Krimi chikita in detail.

scholarly journals Constitutional Amendments in PPP's Government (2008-2013): Role of the Parliamentary Opposition

2020 ◽  
Vol V (III) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Muhammad Adil ◽  
Manzoor Khan Afridi
Keyword(s):  
Political Competition ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Constitutional Amendment ◽  
Constitutional Amendments ◽  
National Assembly ◽  
The Government ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Way

The research paper investigates the role of the Parliamentary opposition in the constitutional amendments adopted during PPP's government (2018-2013). The role of the classic or loyal opposition is that it offers different alternatives against government policies. It not only opposes the government policies but also maintained political competition by forwarding its own policies. It does not make any obstruction in the way of the government, however, presented its own alternatives in the constitutional limit. Therefore, the opposition during PPP's government was also classic or loyal opposition. It did not make hurdles for the government to pass these constitutional amendments, nonetheless, presented its own alternatives and amendments in eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth constitutional amendment bills. Almost, all the opposition parties have participated in the debate in the National Assembly as well as Senate, and have presented their amendments and suggestions in these constitutional amendments.

scholarly journals UNDERSTANDING OF POLITICAL CULTURE IN CITIZEN OF MUSLIMAT NU IN EAST JAVA

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 313
Author(s):  
Ishomuddin Ishomuddin
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
Interactive Analysis ◽  
The Government ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Political Understanding

<p><em>In the context of its activities, since the NU Muslimat was established, it was almost all the archipelago had the same activities called religious activities, which included (1) manaqiban (2) dibaan, (3) reboan, (3) Muslimat Hajj Association and, (4) recitations with themes around the pillars of Islam. But there is a phenomenon of shifting understanding of the elite and NU Muslimat members to the themes of recitation and the movement of political da’wah, especially at the place where the research was conducted. The activities at NU Muslimat carried out not only as a routine activity of the Muslim community but also for the wider role of the NU Muslimat in general and its members to occupy strategic positions in the government or legislative members. From the above phenomena, the objectives of this study are to understand the culture and political understanding of NU Muslimat citizens in East Java. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach. Data collection uses observation, interviews, and documents. Data analysis was carried out using the Interactive Analysis Model of Miles, et al.</em></p><p><br /><em>Dalam konteks kegiatannya, sejak Muslimat NU didirikan memiliki kegiatan yang sama yang disebut kegiatan keagamaan, yang meliputi (1) manaqiban (2) dibaan, (3) reboan, (3) Ikatan Haji Muslimat , (4) kegiatan pengajian dengan tema seputar rukun Islam. Tetapi ada fenomena pergeseran pemahaman elit dan anggota Muslim NU dari kegiatan-kegiatan di atas ke tema-tema gerakan dakwah politik, terutama di tempat di mana penelitian dilakukan. Kegiatan-kegiatan Muslimat NU yang telah dilakukan tidak hanya sebagai kegiatan rutin, tetapi untuk peran yang lebih luas dari Muslimat NU pada umumnya dan anggotanya untuk menduduki posisi strategis di pemerintahan atau anggota legislatif. Dari fenomena di atas, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut: untuk memahami budaya dan pemahaman politik pada warga Muslimat NU di Jawa Timur. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, wawancara, dan dokumen. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan Model Analisis Interaktif Miles, Hubermen, Saldhana.</em></p>

scholarly journals Cirrus Classification at Midlatitude from Systematic Lidar Observations

2006 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Keckhut ◽  
F. Borchi ◽  
S. Bekki ◽  
A. Hauchecorne ◽  
M. SiLaouina
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Similar Proportion ◽  
Altitude Range ◽  
Lower Altitude ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Cloud Characteristics ◽  
Lidar Measurements ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Cluster Methods

Abstract Systematic cirrus lidar measurements performed in the south of France during 2000 are analyzed statistically to search for cloud classes. The classes are based on cloud characteristics (cloud thickness, light backscattering efficiency, and its variance), cloud absolute geometric height, cloud height relative to the tropopause, and the temperature at the cloud level. The successive use of principal component analysis, cluster methods, and linear discriminant analysis allows the identification of four cirrus classes. Almost all the cirrus detections correspond to three classes with similar proportion of the total cirrus detected (around 30%). The absolute geometric height and the thickness are found to be the main discriminant variables. The first cirrus class corresponds to thin clouds above the local tropopause (absolute geometric height: 11.5 km), or at least around the tropopause, while another class corresponds also to thin clouds but at a lower altitude range in the troposphere (absolute geometric height: 8.6 km). The third class corresponds to thick clouds (thickness of 3.2 km) located below the tropopause, in an altitude range between the two first classes (absolute geometric height: 9.8 km). As expected, the high-altitude cirrus class is characterized with the lowest mean temperature. It is noted that the temperature is closely related to the altitude and so the role of temperature in the cirrus classes cannot be disentangled from the role of the altitude.

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