scholarly journals Ionic transport and atomic structure of AgI-HgS-GeS2 glasses

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 (11) ◽  
pp. 1807-1820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rayan Zaiter ◽  
Mohammad Kassem ◽  
Daniele Fontanari ◽  
Arnaud Cuisset ◽  
Chris J. Benmore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Structure ◽  
Glass Network ◽  
Ionic Transport ◽  
High Energy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Wide Composition Range ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Tetrahedral Environment ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Dft Modelling

Abstract Quasi-ternary (AgI)x(HgS)0.5−x/2(GeS2)0.5−x/2 glasses, 10−4≤x≤0.6 were studied over a wide composition range covering nearly 4 orders of magnitude in the mobile cation content. The glasses show a remarkable increase of the ionic conductivity by 12 orders of magnitude and exhibit two drastically different ion transport regimes: (i) a power-law critical percolation at x≲0.04, and (ii) a modifier-controlled conductivity, exponentially dependent on x≳0.1. Using Raman spectroscopy and high-energy X-ray diffraction supported by DFT modelling of the Raman spectra we show that the glass network is essentially formed by corner-sharing CS-GeS4/2 tetrahedra. Mercury sulfide in glasses is dimorphic. The majority of Hg species (70% at x<0.2) exist as two-fold coordinated (HgS2/2)n chains. Silver species have mixed (2I+2S) tetrahedral environment forming either edge–sharing ES-Ag2I2S4/2 dimers or corner-sharing (CS-AgI2/2S2/2)n chains. The relationship between the ionic transport and atomic structure of the glasses is discussed.

Strength of Metals in the Light of Modern Physics

1936 ◽  
Vol 40 (309) ◽  
pp. 586-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Gough ◽  
W. A. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Structure ◽  
Internal Stresses ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Modern Physics ◽  
Correct Understanding ◽  
Development Methods ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryThe strengths of the metals at present available to industry are of especial importance to the aeronautical engineer who is also in a position to appreciate the need for greatly improved materials, the absence of which often places restriction on much needed developments. Although the materials of the future may become available by the somewhat fortuitous development methods at present employed, it is undeniable that greatly accelerated developments would result if a correct understanding was obtained of the fundamental characteristics of the cohesion and fracture of metals, of which the former belongs to the field of the atomic physicist.It has been found possible, for the first time, to show that failure under static and fatigue stressing is associated with changes in the crystalline structure which are identical. These changes are (1) a dislocation of the initially perfect grains into large components which vary in orientation from that of the internal grain by amounts up to about 2°,(2) the formation of “crystallites,” approximately 10-4 to 10-5 cm. in size, whose orientation varies widely from that of the original grains, and (3) the presence of severe internal stresses in the crystallites. At fracture, whatever the type of applied stressing, the whole of the specimen behaves to the X-ray beam as a medium of crystallites showing marked lattice distortion and oriented completely at random. X-ray diffraction methods are shown to distinguish clearly between the effects of the application of safe and unsafe ranges of stress; the first method that has been successful in this respect.In order to show the relationship between the new work described and previous work dealing with the use of X-rays in studying the deformation characteristics of metals, a preliminary section of the paper deals with cold-rolling and drawing. A survey is also presented of the present position regarding strength and atomic structure, together with references to various theories regarding the imperfections of crystals as encountered in practice. An introductory section describes briefly the atomic structure of metals, as revealed by X-rays.

Interfacial Layer - A New Mechanism for Electromechanical Response

2004 ◽  
Vol 856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhimin Li ◽  
Z.-Y. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Interfacial Layer ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Strain ◽  
Interface Layer ◽  
Interface State ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Strain Response ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTElectric field induced phase transition has been used to explain the high strain response in some PVDF-based EAP. However, it is hard to understand some features (such as the relationship between the strain and the preload) of elastomers - an important type of EAPs. In this paper, we reported the study of recrystallization on high-energy-electron irradiated P(VDF-TrFE) copolymer. The morphology and structure as well as the structural transformation in the recrystallized copolymers were studied by means of X-ray diffraction, DSC, FTIR, and polarization measurements. The effect of crosslinking induced by the irradiation is discussed. The results suggest that a new interface layer existed in the recrystallized polymers. The partially ordered interfacial layer is a novel micro-origin of a high polarization obtained in an EAP. Based on this concept, the effect of preload on the E-M performance of the elastomers can be well explained. A new method to develop high performance electroactive polymer is outlined by using the interface state.

Two-dimensional Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering on a Cm-doped borosilicate glass in a beryllium container

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 214-223
Author(s):  
Olivier Bouty ◽  
Laure Ramond ◽  
Kathy Dardenne ◽  
Jörg Rothe
Keyword(s):  
Borosilicate Glass ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Glass Network ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Wide Angle ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

The two-dimensional wide-angle X-ray diffraction technique was applied to a Cm-doped borosilicate glass in a beryllium container. The experiment involved a high-energy X-ray beam and an image plate. It is shown that it is possible to extract the structure factor of the radioactive glass successfully from diffraction patterns and compare it with that of the pristine one. Striking differences appear under the first diffraction peak, revealing new sub-structures for the radioactive glass. It is suggested that they could be related to structural changes in the medium-range order, in particular the size distribution of rings or chains under the influence of mixed interactions between the glass network, α-particles and recoil nuclei.

Structure of lithium tellurite and vanadium lithium tellurite glasses by high-energy X-ray and neutron diffraction

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirdesh ◽  
Atul Khanna ◽  
Margit Fábián ◽  
Ann-Christin Dippel ◽  
Olof Gotowski
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Glass Network ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Coordination Shell ◽  
Tellurite Glasses ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Structure Factors ◽  
Wide Range

xLi2O–(100 − x)TeO2 (x = 20 and 25 mol%) and xV2O5–(25 − x)Li2O–75TeO2 (x = 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mol%) glasses were prepared by melt-quenching and their thermal and structural properties were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, Raman spectroscopy, high-energy X-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction and reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) simulations. The glass transition temperature increases steadily with an increase in V2O5 mol% in lithium tellurite glasses due to an increase in the average single bond energy of the glass network. The X-ray and neutron diffraction structure factors were modelled by RMC technique and the Te–O distributions show the first peak in the range 1.85–1.90 Å, with V–O = 1.75–1.95 Å, Li–O = 1.85–2.15 Å and O–O = 2.70–2.80 Å. The average Te–O coordination number decreases with an increase in Li2O mol% in lithium tellurite glasses, and the V—O coordination decreases from 5.12 to 3.81 with an increase in V2O5 concentration in vanadium lithium tellurite glasses. The O–Te–O, O–V–O, O–Li–O and O–O–O linkages have maxima in the ranges 86°–89°, 82°–87°, 80°–85° and at 59o, respectively. The structural analysis of tellurite glasses reveal significant short-range and medium-range disorder due to the existence of a wide range of Te–O and Te–Te distances in the first coordination shell.

Charting the relationship between phase type-surface area-interactions between the constituent atoms and oxygen reduction activity of Pd–Cu nanocatalysts inside fuel cells by in operando high-energy X-ray diffraction

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (16) ◽  
pp. 7355-7365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yazan Maswadeh ◽  
Shiyao Shan ◽  
Binay Prasai ◽  
Yinguang Zhao ◽  
Zhi-Hui Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Reduction ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
High Energy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Reduction Activity ◽  
Phase Type ◽  
In Operando ◽  
The Relationship

HE-XRD elucidates the link between structural changes of catalysts inside PEMFCs and the performance of PEMFCs.

Changing the Static and Dynamic Lattice Effects for the Improvement of the Ionic Transport Properties Within the Argyrodite Li6PS5-xSexI

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Schlem ◽  
Michael Ghidiu ◽  
Sean Culver ◽  
Anna-Lena Hansen ◽  
Wolfgang Zeier
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Conductivity ◽  
Activation Barrier ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Ionic Transport ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Lattice Effects ◽  
Solid State Batteries ◽  
All Solid State Batteries ◽  
Pulse Echo

<p>The lithium argyrodites Li<sub>6</sub>PS<sub>5</sub>X (X = Cl, Br, I) have been gaining momentum as candidates for electrolytes in all-solid-state batteries. While these materials have been well-characterized structurally, the influences of the static and dynamic lattice properties are not fully understood. Recent improvements to the ionic conductivity of Li<sub>6</sub>PS<sub>5</sub>I (which as a parent compound is a poor ionic conductor) via elemental substitutions have shown that a multitude of influences affect the ionic transport in the lithium argyrodites, and that even poor conductors in this class have room left for improvement.</p><p>Here we explore the influence of isoelectronic substitution of sulfur with selenium in Li<sub>6</sub>PS<sub>5-<i>x</i></sub>Se<i><sub>x</sub></i>I. Using a combination of X-ray diffraction, impedance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and pulse-echo speed of sound measurements,we explore the influence of the static and dynamic lattice on the ionic transport. The substitution of S<sup>2-</sup>with Se<sup>2- </sup>broadens the diffusion pathways and structural bottlenecks, as well as leading to a softer more polarizable lattice, all of which lower the activation barrier and lead to an increase in the ionic conductivity. This work sheds light on ways to systematically understand and improve the functional properties of this exciting material family. </p>

Characterizations of Synthetic 8mol% YSZ with Comparison to 3mol %YSZ for HT-SOFC

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (4A) ◽  
pp. 491-500
Author(s):  
Abeer F. Al-Attar ◽  
Saad B. H. Farid ◽  
Fadhil A. Hashim
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Conductivity ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Yttria Stabilized Zirconia ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Stabilized Zirconia ◽  
Powder Morphology ◽  
X Ray

In this work, Yttria (Y2O3) was successfully doped into tetragonal 3mol% yttria stabilized Zirconia (3YSZ) by high energy-mechanical milling to synthesize 8mol% yttria stabilized Zirconia (8YSZ) used as an electrolyte for high temperature solid oxide fuel cells (HT-SOFC). This work aims to evaluate the densification and ionic conductivity of the sintered electrolytes at 1650°C. The bulk density was measured according to ASTM C373-17. The powder morphology and the microstructure of the sintered electrolytes were analyzed via Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The chemical analysis was obtained with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Also, X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to obtain structural information of the starting materials and the sintered electrolytes. The ionic conductivity was obtained through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the air as a function of temperatures at a frequency range of 100(mHz)-100(kHz). It is found that the 3YSZ has a higher density than the 8YSZ. The impedance analysis showed that the ionic conductivity of the prepared 8YSZ at 800°C is0.906 (S.cm) and it was 0.214(S.cm) of the 3YSZ. Besides, 8YSZ has a lower activation energy 0.774(eV) than that of the 3YSZ 0.901(eV). Thus, the prepared 8YSZ can be nominated as an electrolyte for the HT-SOFC.

scholarly journals Waste and Solar Energy: An Eco-Friendly Way for Glass Melting

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Isabel Padilla ◽  
Maximina Romero ◽  
José I. Robla ◽  
Aurora López-Delgado
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Glass Melting ◽  
Glass Network ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Concentrated Solar Energy ◽  
Calcium Source ◽  
The Aluminum Industry

In this work, concentrated solar energy (CSE) was applied to an energy-intensive process such as the vitrification of waste with the aim of manufacturing glasses. Different types of waste were used as raw materials: a hazardous waste from the aluminum industry as aluminum source; two residues from the food industry (eggshell and mussel shell) and dolomite ore as calcium source; quartz sand was also employed as glass network former. The use of CSE allowed obtaining glasses in the SiO2-Al2O3-CaO system at exposure time as short as 15 min. The raw materials, their mixtures, and the resulting glasses were characterized by means of X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, and differential thermal analysis. The feasibility of combining a renewable energy, as solar energy and different waste for the manufacture of glasses, would highly contribute to circular economy and environmental sustainability.

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