scholarly journals Legal Regulations Regarding Transplantation - In Poland, Germany and Switzerland

2015 ◽  
Vol 124 (4) ◽  
pp. 169-173
Author(s):  
Dorota Huzarska ◽  
Joanna Huzarska ◽  
Leonard Pędziński ◽  
Paweł Sowa ◽  
Andrzej Szpak
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Transplantation Act ◽  
Cell Tissue ◽  
Legal Situation ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Full Capacity ◽  
A Minor

Abstract Introduction. Transplantation surgery, involving transplantation of cells, tissues and organs, constitutes a common medical practice that saves the lives of a great number of patients. Aim. The purpose of the present paper is to provide a comparative analysis of the legal regulations regarding transplantation that are in practice inside three European countries: Poland and Germany - EU Member States - and Switzerland - a non-EU state. The considerations made herein are meant to find an answer to the question whether the provisions of law regarding transplantation in the specified European countries regulate the legal situation of the donor and the recipient in a similar manner. Material and methods. The paper is based on the following source documents: The Cell, Tissue and Organ Recovery, Storage and Transplantation Act of July 1, 2005; The Act on Donation, Recovery and Transplantation of Organs and Tissues of November 5, 1997 (Transplantation Act - TPG); Federal Act on Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells of October 8, 2004. In our work, we applied two methods, the first being comparative, and the second being dogmatic-legal. The latter consists of analyzing the provisions regarding transplantation as found within the three selected European countries. Results and Discussion. Under Polish, German and Swiss law alike, the recovery of cells, tissues and organs is allowed from an adult, who, under the Polish and German Acts, has full capacity to enter into legal transactions, and who, under the Swiss Act - is an adult who is mentally competent. Of note is that a minor might only be a donor in ex vivo transplantation provided that precisely specified requirements are met. Of additional note is that, under the German and Swiss Acts, recovery of tissues and organs from a human cadaver donor is allowed only if this person gave consent for such recovery prior to their death; under the Polish Act, this is allowed unless the deceased person expressed their objection when alive. Conclusion. As far as ex vivo transplantation is concerned, the legal solutions regarding transplantation in Poland, Germany and Switzerland regulate the legal situation of the donor and the recipient of a transplant in a similar way, although there are a few significant differences. As for ex mortuo transplantations - the legal solutions applied in each country greatly differ.

scholarly journals Trichostatin A-Assisted Epigenomic Modulation Affects the Expression Profiles of Not Only Recombinant Human α1,2-Fucosyltransferase and α-Galactosidase A Enzymes But Also Galα1→3Gal Epitopes in Porcine Bi-Transgenic Adult Cutaneous Fibroblast Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1386
Author(s):  
Jerzy Wiater ◽  
Marcin Samiec ◽  
Maria Skrzyszowska ◽  
Daniel Lipiński
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resource ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Trichostatin A ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Fibroblast Cells ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Transgenic Pigs ◽  
Cell Tissue ◽  
Donor Cells ◽  
Lower Expression

This study was conducted to explore whether trichostatin A-assisted epigenomic modulation (TSA-EM) can affect the expression of not only recombinant human α1,2-fucosyltransferase (rhα1,2-FT) and α-galactosidase A (rhα-Gal A) immune system enzymes but also Galα1→3Gal epitopes in ex vivo proliferating adult cutaneous fibroblast cells (ACFCs) derived from hFUT2×hGLA bi-transgenic pigs that had been produced for the needs of future xenotransplantation efforts. The ACFC lines were treated with 50 nM TSA for 24 h and then the expression profiles of rhα1,2-FT and rhα-Gal A enzymes were analyzed by Western blot and immunofluorescence. The expression profiles of the Galα1→3Gal epitope were determined by lectin blotting and lectin fluorescence. The ACFCs derived from non-transgenic (nTG) pigs were served as the negative (TSA−) and positive (TSA+) control groups. For both hFUT2×hGLA and nTG samples, the expression levels of α1,2-FT and α-Gal A proteins in TSA+ cells were more than twofold higher in comparison to TSA− cells. Moreover, a much lower expression of the Galα1→3Gal epitopes was shown in TSA− hFUT2×hGLA cells as compared to the TSA− nTG group. Interestingly, the levels of Galα1→3Gal expression in TSA-treated hFUT2×hGLA and nTG ACFCs were significantly higher than those noticed for their TSA-untreated counterparts. Summing up, ex vivo protection of effectively selected bi-transgenic ACFC lines, in which TSA-dependent epigenetic transformation triggered the enhancements in reprogrammability and subsequent expression of hFUT2 and hGLA transgenes and their corresponding transcripts, allows for cryopreservation of nuclear donor cells, nuclear-transferred female gametes, and resultant porcine cloned embryos. The latter can be used as a cryogenically conserved genetic resource of biological materials suitable for generation of bi-transgenic cloned offspring in pigs that is targeted at biomedical research in the field of cell/tissue xenotransplantation.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the efficacy of a novel perfusion solution for normothermic ex vivo lung perfusion compared with Steen solution™ (animal experimental study)

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
S. V. Gautier ◽  
O. M. Tsirulnikova ◽  
I. V. Pashkov ◽  
N. V. Grudinin ◽  
D. O. Oleshkevich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Transplantation ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Infectious Complications ◽  
Lung Perfusion ◽  
Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion ◽  
Perfusion Solution ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Donor Lung ◽  
End Stage

Respiratory diseases, together with infectious complications and hereditary lung diseases, rank third in international mortality statistics. Today, lung transplantation is a recognized method of treating end-stage lung diseases. However, the number of transplant surgeries performed is not much. This is down to the high requirements on the condition of a potential lung donor and directly on the quality of the donor lung. This has significantly limited the number of optimal donors. Rehabilitation of donor lungs to optimal gas exchange indicators can be achieved and objectively assessed in the course of ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP). The EVLP procedure is widespread in leading transplantation centers in Europe and North America. It allows to significantly expand the pool of donor lungs, thereby serving a greater number of patients in need of lung transplantation. The possibility of EVLP procedure using publicly available perfusion equipment was demonstrated. The optimized protocol fully demonstrated its reliability and efficiency. The developed perfusion solution had no statistically significant differences in comparison with the Steen SolutionTM, which in the future will serve as an alternative for EVLP procedure.

scholarly journals Legal Status of Minor Testator’s Parents Deprived of Parental Authority in Intestate Succession. Some Remarks on the Solutions in Polish, Russian, and Italian Law

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 107-134
Author(s):  
Hanna Witczak
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Parental Authority ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Family Ties ◽  
Italian Law ◽  
Parental Obligations ◽  
Legal Situation ◽  
Polish Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
A Minor

The legal situation of minor testator’s parents in intestate succession poses a significant legal and social problem. In Polish law, parents who have been deprived of parental authority continue to enjoy their civil-law status; in other words, they maintain the right to inherit from their child under statute. Meanwhile, the reasons for which the court applied the strictest possible “sanction” in the form of deprivation of authority of parents who, in exercising their rights under parental authority, seriously violated the child’s interest or grossly neglected parental obligations, which is noticeable even to an ordinary bystander, seem to be sufficient “proof” that family ties, which are decisive for the statutory title to inherit, do not exist. If these ties are severed or seriously disrupted, the consequences should be seen in all areas of life. Simply put, persons who deliberately break apart the family should not enjoy the advantages that the law provides for testator’s closest relatives. In such a case, to consider the effect of deprivation of parental authority by “releasing” its holders from any obligation towards the child may not be considered a sufficient civil sanction, especially given that in the vast majority of cases, the reason for such deprivation is gross neglect of parental duties by one or both parents. The consequences of this type of negligence should also, if not primarily, consist in the deprivation of pecuniary benefits that the parents of a minor could enjoy after his or her death. The current legal solutions governing this area undoubtedly need to be revised. Such imperfect normative solutions adopted in Polish law prove the need to propose de lege ferenda recommendations. In this context, it is worthwhile to have a look at the normative solutions adopted in foreign legal systems and whether they can be grafted on Polish law. The reference to the Russian and Italian legal systems seems particularly recommendable due to the fact that their normative solutions directly allude to the institution of deprivation of parental authority in the context of admissibility of the title to inherit.

scholarly journals Flood risk governance arrangements in Europe

2015 ◽  
Vol 369 ◽  
pp. 195-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Matczak ◽  
J. Lewandowski ◽  
A. Choryński ◽  
M. Szwed ◽  
Z. W. Kundzewicz
Keyword(s):  
Flood Risk ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Risk Governance ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Risk Management Strategies ◽  
Risk Practices ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Governance Arrangements

Abstract. The STAR-FLOOD (Strengthening and Redesigning European Flood Risk Practices Towards Appropriate and Resilient Flood Risk Governance Arrangements) project, funded by the European Commission, investigates strategies for dealing with flood risk in six European countries: Belgium, the UK, France, the Netherlands, Poland and Sweden and in 18 vulnerable urban regions in these countries. The project aims to describe, analyse, explain, and evaluate the main similarities and differences between the selected EU Member States in terms of development and performance of flood risk governance arrangements. It also discusses the scientific and societal importance of these similarities and differences. Attention is paid to identification and characterization of shifts in flood risk governance arrangements and in flood risk management strategies and to determination of triggering factors and restraining factors. An assessment of a change of resilience and appropriateness (legitimacy, effectiveness, efficiency) of flood risk governance arrangements in Poland is presented and comparison with other European countries is offered.

scholarly journals A comparison of European countries FBDG in the light of their contribution to tackle diet-related health inequalities

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 346-353
Author(s):  
Elena Carrillo-Álvarez ◽  
Hilde Boeckx ◽  
Tess Penne ◽  
Imma Palma Linares ◽  
Berénice Storms ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Portion Size ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Health Priorities ◽  
Full Data ◽  
Target Groups ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Food Consumption Survey

Abstract Background The purpose of this article is to report on a comparative analysis of the official food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG) that were applicable in 2015 in 25 EU Member States. We assess FBDG in relation to the main guidelines established by the FAO/WHO, the EURODIET project and the EFSA, with a particular focus on identifying strengths and limitations of current FBDG in Europe towards addressing diet-related health inequalities. Methods This is a review research, in which a mixed-methods sequenced procedure was utilized. In each EU country key informants, including sociologists, economists, dietitians and nutritionists were asked to provide data regarding: (i) current dietary guidelines and national health priorities, (ii) model of health promotion currently available, (iii) results of the latest food consumption survey. All documents were reviewed by the coordinating team. Full data were analysed by two nutritionists, using a tabulated sheet to organize and compare the results. Results While all countries have national FBDG, the level of detail and quality varies substantially with regard to: time of last update; availability of recommendations for specific target groups; specification of frequency and portion size; the graphical representation; recommended amounts and limits of foods consumed; and recommendations regarding physical activity. Conclusions European countries have great opportunities to improve FBDG to better serve Public Health policy through a more consistent foundation of how these guidelines are developed, the inclusion of different population subgroups as a target for recommendations and the implementation of monitoring systems.

Infection Control and Hospital Hygiene in Belgium

1989 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 170-174
Author(s):  
Gerald Reybrouck ◽  
Raf Mertens
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Hospital Hygiene ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Member States ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
Western European ◽  
Set Up

In 1972 the Council of Europe, in which most of the Western European countries are represented, adopted a resolution aimed at the improvement of hospital hygiene and the promotion of the prevention of nosocomial infections. The member states were invited to take the required measures, but each country was free to implement the resolution according to its own needs and particularities. In Belgium, the first legal regulations were issued in 1974—every hospital was obliged to set up a committee for hospital hygiene.Although similar regulations were issued in most other member states. the actual infection control policies adopted can vary. This article highlights some of the particularities for Belgium.

scholarly journals Engineering a microcirculation for perfusion control of ex vivo–assembled organ systems: Challenges and opportunities

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 204173141877294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavan Kottamasu ◽  
Ira Herman
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Organ Shortage ◽  
Donor Organ ◽  
Donor Pool ◽  
Organ Rejection ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Donor Organs

Donor organ shortage remains a clear problem for many end-stage organ patients around the world. The number of available donor organs pales in comparison with the number of patients in need of these organs. The field of tissue engineering proposes a plausible solution. Using stem cells, a patient’s autologous cells, or allografted cells to seed-engineered scaffolds, tissue-engineered constructs can effectively supplement the donor pool and bypass other problems that arise when using donor organs, such as who receives the organ first and whether donor organ rejection may occur. However, current research methods and technologies have been unable to successfully engineer and vascularize large volume tissue constructs. This review examines the current perfusion methods for ex vivo organ systems, defines the different types of vascularization in organs, explores various strategies to vascularize ex vivo organ systems, and discusses challenges and opportunities for the field of tissue engineering.

THE MINORS IN PENAL SYSTEMS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 0-0 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylwia Gwoździewicz
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Specific Interaction ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
A Minor

In foreign jurisdictions, various models of responsibility for juvenile offenses are adopted. In many countries, like Poland, entirely separate regulations in this field are adopted (England and Wales, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Spain, Ireland, Germany, Scotland, Switzerland, Sweden). In other countries like (Slovakia, Belarus, Estonia, Greece to 2003, the Netherlands, Lithuania, Russia, Slovenia, Ukraine), there are specific rules of responsibility of minors included in criminal codes and codes of criminal proceedings. Different solutions in this regard are partly due to the different traditions of legal systems, and partly due to various axiomatic justifications formulated in these matters. Review of legislation on minority in selected European countries: Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic shows that in terms of the approach to the problem of minority in all legal systems, specific interaction of children and young people who come into conflict with the criminal law are included, as well as those that show signs of corruption, making their proper personal and social development threatened. Adoption of selected concepts of minors legislation, however, does not mean more or less severe approach to the liability of minors.Both discussed issues the theoretical and practical ones, are the subject of the deliberations beneath, their structure includes: <br/>1. Problems of minors in the European countries <br/>2. Minors in Polish criminal justice system <br/>3. Minors’ responsibility in Slovakian criminal justice system <br/> 4. Czech criminal justice system in relation to a minor

The Coexpression of CD11a and CD45bright Is the Hallmark of Proliferating Myeloma Cells.

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 3347-3347
Author(s):  
Catherine Pellat-Deceunynck ◽  
Nelly Robillard ◽  
Regis Bataille
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Labeling Index ◽  
Myeloma Cells ◽  
Hla Dr ◽  
Brdu Labeling ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Brdu Staining

Abstract To identify new potential therapeutical targets in multiple myeloma (MM), we have defined the phenotype of the subset of proliferative myeloma cells (n=66) in comparison with that of normal PC (n=25). Proliferation was evaluated by ex vivo incorporation of BrdU (labeling index, LI). Surface PC phenotype was performed in a four-color assay with CD38, CD45, CD138 and the mAb indicated. For intracellular BrdU staining, cells were first labeled with CD38, CD45 and CD138, fixed and permeabilized before BdrU staining. At least 1000 normal PC and 10000 myeloma cells were analyzed. We show that all bone marrow PC, either malignant or normal, always included a subset of proliferative PC (BrdU+) that was always located within the CD45++subpopulation. Indeed, CD45++ myeloma cells (median 12%) had a labeling index 7.5-fold higher of that of CD45+/− myeloma cells (7.1% versus 0.94%). Actually, in all cases of MM, CD45++ myeloma cells were always the most proliferative myeloma cells. As observed for myeloma cells, LI of normal PC was heterogeneous i.e., higher in the CD45++ population of PC: CD45++ PC (median 65%) had a LI 5.7-fold higher of that of CD45+/− PC. Compared to myeloma cells, LI of PC were higher in both subsets, of 20.5% and 3.6% for CD45++ and CD45+/−, respectively. Non-malignant PC from blood or tonsil were homogeneously CD45++ and did proliferate (LI> 10% and up to 45% for reactive PC). In all PC (normal, reactive, malignant), we found an inverse correlation between CD45 and Bcl-2, confirming a known inverse correlation between proliferation and Bcl-2 expression. Our data suggest that a minor cycling Bcl2lowCD45++ population of myeloma cells differentiate into a no more cycling major Bcl2high CD45+/− population of myelom a cells that accumulates. We further characterized the phenotype of the CD45++ myeloma cells population: we found that CD11a and to a less extend HLA-DR were expressed by CD45++ myeloma cells only in contrast to CD40 and CXCR4 that were expressed by all myeloma cells. Moreover, all CD45++ myeloma cells coexpressed CD11a. Thus, the-to-be-killed population of myeloma cells could be targeted through CD45 or CD11a.

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