Effect of Phenol-CNSL Formaldehyde Copolymer on Thermal Ageing of NBR

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Mary Lubi ◽  
Eby Thomas Thachil
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Thermal Ageing ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Tear Strength ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Aging Properties ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) is a cheap agro-by-product and renewable resource which consists mainly of substituted phenols. A CNSL based resin was used in this study to modify the aging properties of butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber (NBR). The resin was a copolymer obtained by condensing a mixture of phenol and CNSL with hexamethylene tetramine. The effect of the resin on the ageing of NBR vulcanizates was studied by following changes in tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus and tear strength. Resins with different phenol/formaldehyde ratios and CNSL/phenol ratios were incorporated into NBR and the physical properties determined. Comparison of the properties of the aged material containing the CNSL resin with those of specimens not containing the resin show improved ageing characteristics with respect to tensile strength, modulus and tear strength.

scholarly journals Influence of Epoxidized Cardanol Functionality and Reactivity on Network Formation and Properties

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1956
Author(s):  
Emre Kinaci ◽  
Erde Can ◽  
John Scala ◽  
Giuseppe Palmese
Keyword(s):  
Network Formation ◽  
Glycidyl Ether ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Diglycidyl Ether ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Meta Position ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Link Density ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

Cardanol is a renewable resource based on cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), which consists of a phenol ring with a C15 long aliphatic side chain in the meta position with varying degrees of unsaturation. Cardanol glycidyl ether was chemically modified to form side-chain epoxidized cardanol glycidyl ether (SCECGE) with an average epoxy functionality of 2.45 per molecule and was cured with petroleum-based epoxy hardeners, 4-4′-methylenebis(cyclohexanamine) and diethylenetriamine, and a cardanol-based amine hardener. For comparison, cardanol-based diphenol diepoxy resin, NC514 (Cardolite), and a petroleum-based epoxy resin, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) were also evaluated. Chemical and thermomechanical analyses showed that for SCECGE resins, incomplete cure of the secondary epoxides led to reduced cross-link density, reduced thermal stability, and reduced elongation at break when compared with difunctional resins containing only primary epoxides. However, because of functionality greater than two, amine-cured SCECGE produced a Tg very similar to that of NC514 and thus could be useful in formulating epoxy with renewable cardanol content.

PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF CASHEW NUT SHELL LIQUID-BASED COMPOSITE REINFORCED BY COCONUT SHELL PARTICLES

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (04) ◽  
pp. 1850174 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. UDHAYASANKAR ◽  
B. KATHIKEYAN
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Particle Content ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell ◽  
Shell Particles ◽  
Scanning Electron

This study concentrates more on biocomposite as a matrix, a derivative of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL), and its development of Cardanol Resin (CR), along with coconut shell Particle (CSP) as a filler, obliging the environmental concerns as a mandatory one due to the pressure from the consumer, which forces manufacturing sector to seek some other alternative, as lucrative one is for betterment of the humanity also, thereby such sophistication of “green” composite with much potential application can easily thrive on. In this mix, the particle size (25, 50 and 75[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m) and particle loading (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%) on the CR were reinforced with CSP polymer matrix through compression molding. This is the assessed impact of morphological Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), while particles load on mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and the hardness. They can also see the absorption of water. While doing so, it has been clearly observed that the tensile strength and flexural strength values expanded up to 30% of particle content, for all particle sizes of the particles and afterward, we could note that it diminished for higher particle content. Experimental results indicated that the maximum tensile strength and flexural strength of 30% of CSP/CR composite increase for 25, 50 and 75[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m by 31, 25 and 19% with that of 46, 37 and 27%, respectively, as compared with those of neat CR. The expansion of CSP in composite expanded the hardness and the % of water absorption. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of the composite surfaces demonstrates that there are genuinely better interfacial connection and appropriation between coconut shell particles and CR matrix.

Synthesis of cashew Mannich polyol via a three step continuous route and development of PU rigid foams with mechanical, thermal and fire studies

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tejas S. Gandhi ◽  
Mayank R. Patel ◽  
Bharatkumar Z. Dholakiya
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Meta Position ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Carbon Side Chain ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell ◽  
Fire Properties ◽  
Immense Potential

Abstract Renewable, biodegradable, agricultural resources are gaining increasing attention of many researchers because of growing environmental awareness and their potential to replace petrochemical derivatives. Cardanol obtained from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) is a renewable resource of immense potential. Cardanol, obtained as a byproduct of the cashew processing industry, is an important renewable resource and a unique phenolic compound carrying a 15-carbon side chain in the meta position, with varying degrees of unsaturation. The current research work describes the synthesis of new bio-based cashew Mannich polyols via the stepwise oxazolidine route and confirmed by spectral analysis. The foaming characteristics were studied and the polyols were successfully used in making rigid polyurethane (PU) foams with good mechanical, thermal and fire properties. The foams were characterized for density, flexural strength, morphology and limiting oxygen index (LOI) properties.

scholarly journals The Use of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) in PP/HIPS Blends: Morphological, Thermal, Mechanical and Rheological Properties

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirna Nunes Araújo ◽  
Leila Lea Yuan Visconte ◽  
Daniel Weingart Barreto ◽  
Viviane Alves Escócio ◽  
Ana Lucia Nazareth da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Dsc Analysis ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell ◽  
New Applications ◽  
Compatibilizing Agent ◽  
Dispersive Phase

Polypropylene (PP) and high impact polystyrene (HIPS) are two polymers that are frequently found in disposable waste. Both of these polymers are restricted from being separated in several ways. An easier way to reuse them in new applications, without the need for separation, would require them to be less immiscible. In this work, cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), a sub-product of the cashew agroindustry, was added as a third component to PP-HIPS mixtures and its effect as a compatibilizing agent was investigated. Morphological results showed that CNSL acted as an emulsifier by promoting reduction in the domains of the dispersive phase, HIPS, thus stabilizing the blends morphology. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis suggests that CNSL is preferably incorporated in the HIPS phase. Its plasticizing effect leads to more flexible materials, but no significant effect could be detected on impact resistance or elongation at break.

From cashew nut shell wastes to high value chemicals

2016 ◽  
Vol 88 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 17-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Egid B. Mubofu
Keyword(s):  
Viscous Liquid ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Anacardic Acid ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Templating Agent ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

AbstractThe amount of waste generated in cashew nut processing factories has caused serious problems for a long time. However, this situation is about to change because they are being turned into an opportunity by a variety of bio-based chemicals. Todate, cashew nut shells (CNS) have proven to be among the most versatile renewable resource as they produce cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). CNSL which is a dark reddish brown viscous liquid (ca. 30–35 wt%) is extracted from the soft honeycomb of the CNS. The shells have been regarded as a by-product of the cashew industry though now it is a cheaper source of natural unsaturated phenols. CNSL offers a multitude of interesting possibilities for the synthesis of speciality chemicals, high value products and polymers. Our recent research efforts have demonstrated that its constituents can be transformed into diverse functional chemicals. This paper reports some key results on how cashew nut shells (an agro waste from cashew nut processing factories) have been employed to produce several functional materials and chemicals. The materials that are highlighted include the synthesis of 3-propylphenol from cardanol and anacardic acid, some polymers prepared from CNSL components, heterogeneous catalysts prepared using CNSL as a templating agent and anacardic acid capped chalcogenide nanoparticles.

Particleboard from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid

2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lubi C. Mary ◽  
Eby Thomas Thachil
Keyword(s):  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell
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