scholarly journals Look before you Authorize: Using Eye-Tracking to Enforce User Attention towards Application Permissions

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yousra Javed ◽  
Mohamed Shehab
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
User Study ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
User Attention ◽  
Gaze Fixations

Abstract Habituation is a key factor behind the lack of attention towards permission authorization dialogs during third party application installation. Various solutions have been proposed to combat the problem of achieving attention switch towards permissions. However, users continue to ignore these dialogs, and authorize dangerous permissions, which leads to security and privacy breaches. We leverage eye-tracking to approach this problem, and propose a mechanism for enforcing user attention towards application permissions before users are able to authorize them. We deactivate the dialog’s decision buttons initially, and use feedback from the eye-tracker to ensure that the user has looked at the permissions. After determining user attention, the buttons are activated. We implemented a prototype of our approach as a Chrome browser extension, and conducted a user study on Facebook’s application authorization dialogs. Using participants’ permission identification, eye-gaze fixations, and authorization decisions, we evaluate participants’ attention towards permissions. The participants who used our approach on authorization dialogs were able to identify the permissions better, compared to the rest of the participants, even after the habituation period. Their average number of eye-gaze fixations on the permission text was significantly higher than the other group participants. However, examining the rate in which participants denied a dangerous and unnecessary permission, the hypothesized increase from the control group to the treatment group was not statistically significant.

scholarly journals GazeGuide: An Eye-Gaze-Guided Active Immersive UAV Camera

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavan Kumar B. N. ◽  
Adithya Balasubramanyam ◽  
Ashok Kumar Patil ◽  
Chethana B. ◽  
Young Ho Chai
Keyword(s):  
User Study ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Video Stream ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Input Devices ◽  
Input Modality ◽  
Head Mounted Display ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Remote Controller

Over the years, gaze input modality has been an easy and demanding human–computer interaction (HCI) method for various applications. The research of gaze-based interactive applications has advanced considerably, as HCIs are no longer constrained to traditional input devices. In this paper, we propose a novel immersive eye-gaze-guided camera (called GazeGuide) that can seamlessly control the movements of a camera mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) from the eye-gaze of a remote user. The video stream captured by the camera is fed into a head-mounted display (HMD) with a binocular eye tracker. The user’s eye-gaze is the sole input modality to maneuver the camera. A user study was conducted considering the static and moving targets of interest in a three-dimensional (3D) space to evaluate the proposed framework. GazeGuide was compared with a state-of-the-art input modality remote controller. The qualitative and quantitative results showed that the proposed GazeGuide performed significantly better than the remote controller.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF COLOR SETTINGS IN AERIAL IMAGES WITH THE USE OF EYE-TRACKING USER STUDY

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B3 ◽  
pp. 763-767
Author(s):  
J. Mirijovsky ◽  
S. Popelka
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
User Study ◽  
Aerial Images ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Lighting Conditions ◽  
Graphic Editor ◽  
Real Value ◽  
Crop Area ◽  
Different Color ◽  
Areas Of Interest

The main aim of presented paper is to find the most realistic and preferred color settings for four different types of surfaces on the aerial images. This will be achieved through user study with the use of eye-movement recording. Aerial images taken by the unmanned aerial system were used as stimuli. From each image, squared crop area containing one of the studied types of surfaces (asphalt, concrete, water, soil, and grass) was selected. For each type of surface, the real value of reflectance was found with the use of precise spectroradiometer ASD HandHeld 2 which measures the reflectance. The device was used at the same time as aerial images were captured, so lighting conditions and state of vegetation were equal. The spectral resolution of the ASD device is better than 3.0 nm. For defining the RGB values of selected type of surface, the spectral reflectance values recorded by the device were merged into wider groups. Finally, we get three groups corresponding to RGB color system. Captured images were edited with the graphic editor Photoshop CS6. Contrast, clarity, and brightness were edited for all surface types on images. Finally, we get a set of 12 images of the same area with different color settings. These images were put into the grid and used as stimuli for the eye-tracking experiment. Eye-tracking is one of the methods of usability studies and it is considered as relatively objective. Eye-tracker SMI RED 250 with the sampling frequency 250 Hz was used in the study. As respondents, a group of 24 students of Geoinformatics and Geography was used. Their task was to select which image in the grid has the best color settings. The next task was to select which color settings they prefer. Respondents’ answers were evaluated and the most realistic and most preferable color settings were found. The advantage of the eye-tracking evaluation was that also the process of the selection of the answers was analyzed. Areas of Interest were marked around each image in the grid and the sequences of gaze movements were analyzed. Sequence chart was used for visualization and eye-tracking metrics were statistically tested. The presented paper shows the differences in the perception and preferences of aerial images with different color settings.

scholarly journals Product Recommendation Based on Eye Tracking Data Using Fixation Duration

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Juni Nurma Sari ◽  
Lukito Edi Nugroho ◽  
Paulus Insap Santosa ◽  
Ridi Ferdiana
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Collaborative Filtering ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Product Information ◽  
Sensor Technology ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Product Recommendation ◽  
User Attention ◽  
Product Recommendations

E-commerce can be used to increase companies or sellers’ profits. For consumers, e-commerce can help them shop faster. The weakness of e-commerce is that there is too much product information presented in the catalog which in turn makes consumers confused. The solution is by providing product recommendations. As the development of sensor technology, eye tracker can capture user attention when shopping. The user attention was used as data of consumer interest in the product in the form of fixation duration following the Bojko taxonomy. The fixation duration data was processed into product purchase prediction data to know consumers’ desire to buy the products by using Chandon method. Both data could be used as variables to make product recommendations based on eye tracking data. The implementation of the product recommendations based on eye tracking data was an eye tracking experiment at selvahouse.com which sells hijab and women modest wear. The result was a list of products that have similarities to other products. The product recommendation method used was item-to-item collaborative filtering. The novelty of this research is the use of eye tracking data, namely the fixation duration and product purchase prediction data as variables for product recommendations. Product recommendation that produced by eye tracking data can be solution of product recommendation’s problems, namely sparsity and cold start.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF COLOR SETTINGS IN AERIAL IMAGES WITH THE USE OF EYE-TRACKING USER STUDY

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B3 ◽  
pp. 763-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mirijovsky ◽  
S. Popelka
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
User Study ◽  
Aerial Images ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Lighting Conditions ◽  
Graphic Editor ◽  
Real Value ◽  
Crop Area ◽  
Different Color ◽  
Areas Of Interest

The main aim of presented paper is to find the most realistic and preferred color settings for four different types of surfaces on the aerial images. This will be achieved through user study with the use of eye-movement recording. Aerial images taken by the unmanned aerial system were used as stimuli. From each image, squared crop area containing one of the studied types of surfaces (asphalt, concrete, water, soil, and grass) was selected. For each type of surface, the real value of reflectance was found with the use of precise spectroradiometer ASD HandHeld 2 which measures the reflectance. The device was used at the same time as aerial images were captured, so lighting conditions and state of vegetation were equal. The spectral resolution of the ASD device is better than 3.0 nm. For defining the RGB values of selected type of surface, the spectral reflectance values recorded by the device were merged into wider groups. Finally, we get three groups corresponding to RGB color system. Captured images were edited with the graphic editor Photoshop CS6. Contrast, clarity, and brightness were edited for all surface types on images. Finally, we get a set of 12 images of the same area with different color settings. These images were put into the grid and used as stimuli for the eye-tracking experiment. Eye-tracking is one of the methods of usability studies and it is considered as relatively objective. Eye-tracker SMI RED 250 with the sampling frequency 250 Hz was used in the study. As respondents, a group of 24 students of Geoinformatics and Geography was used. Their task was to select which image in the grid has the best color settings. The next task was to select which color settings they prefer. Respondents’ answers were evaluated and the most realistic and most preferable color settings were found. The advantage of the eye-tracking evaluation was that also the process of the selection of the answers was analyzed. Areas of Interest were marked around each image in the grid and the sequences of gaze movements were analyzed. Sequence chart was used for visualization and eye-tracking metrics were statistically tested. The presented paper shows the differences in the perception and preferences of aerial images with different color settings.

scholarly journals Objective and Subjective Evaluation of Saccadic Eye Movements in Healthy Children and Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Pilot Study

Vision ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Carmen Bilbao ◽  
David P. Piñero
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Subjective Test ◽  
Software Analysis

The objective of this study was to characterize saccades in children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDG, 17 children, age: 7–12 years) and compare them with a control group (CG, 15 children, age: 7–12 years), comparing the outcomes obtained with a subjective score system (Northeastern State University College of Optometry’s Oculomotor test, NSUCO) with the objective analysis obtained through a commercially available Eye Tracker (Tobii Eye X, Tobii, Stockholm, Sweden) and a specialized software analysis (Thomson Software Solutions, Welham Green, UK). Children from the NDDG obtained significantly lower NSUCO scores (p < 0.001) compared with CG. Concerning eye tracking analyses, we found a significantly higher number of hypometric saccades in NDGG (p ≤ 0.044). Likewise, we found a significantly higher percentage of regressions in the NDDG for a time interval of presentation of stimuli of 1 s (p = 0.012). Significant correlations were found between different NSUCO scores and percentage of regressions, number of saccades completed and number of hypometric saccades. The presence of hypometric saccades and regressions seems to be a differential characteristic sign of children with neurodevelopmental disorders that can be detected using an objective eye tracking analysis, but also using the subjective test NSUCO that can be easily implemented in all clinical settings.

Eye tracker as a tool for special teachers - An example of application in deaf education

2020 ◽  
Vol LXXXI (4) ◽  
pp. 255-263
Author(s):  
Jolanta Zielińska
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Information Search ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Deaf Education ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Hearing Impairments ◽  
Tracking Technique ◽  
The One

The introduction discusses the distinctive difficulties with reading comprehension of texts in school textbooks experienced by students with hearing impairments in the light of the literature on the subject. Then, the basics of eye tracking are outlined - a technique that was used in the author's research - including such fundamental terms as fixation and saccades. The main part of the article is a report on the author’s research whose aim was to determine the effectiveness of reading short educational texts in the field of science where different types of infographics were used, and to compare the cognitive process specific to information search in students with hearing impairments to the one in their hearing peers. A test was used as a research method. The research was conducted with the use of the eye tracking technique. Results were presented graphically and numerically. The graphical forms included: a heat map, i.e., a map showing a participant's visual fixation - and thus indirectly his or her focus of attention - and a scan path, which shows fixations and saccades following one another, thus revealing eye gaze behaviors. Conclusions from the research showed that the eye tracking technique could be used to assess a person’s cognitive activity, and in particular, to determine what information layout in an infographic is best suited to the abilities of students with hearing impairments and activates similar cognitive strategies in them to those in their hearing peers, and so should be prevalent in textbooks for this group of students.

scholarly journals Attentional Flexibility Predicts A-Not-B Task Performance in 14-Month-Old-Infants: A Head-Mounted Eye Tracking Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 279
Author(s):  
Hanna Mulder ◽  
Carolien A. Van Houdt ◽  
Ineke J. M. Van der Ham ◽  
Stefan Van der Stigchel ◽  
Ora Oudgenoeg-Paz
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Switch Trial ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Task Success ◽  
Correct Location

Early individual differences in executive functions (EFs) are predictive of a range of developmental outcomes. However, despite the importance of EFs, little is known about the processes underlying these early individual differences. Therefore, we investigated the association between 14-month-old infants’ attention on a reaching version of the A-not-B task and task success. We hypothesized that both strategic focused attention (measured as percentage looking time towards the correct location during delay) and attentional flexibility (measured as number of looks per second to available stimuli during delay) would relate positively to task performance. Infants performed the A-not-B task wearing a head-mounted eye tracker (N = 24). Results were trial-dependent and partially supported the hypotheses: (1) infants who were better able to flexibly shift attention between available stimuli on the first pre-switch trial showed better task performance overall; and (2) strategic focused attention to the hiding location during the first switch trial was positively related to performance on that particular trial only (trend-level effect). Thus, the study shows preliminary evidence that particularly attentional flexibility is a key factor underlying EF performance in young children. Advantages and challenges of working with head-mounted eye tracking in infants are discussed.

scholarly journals A Quality-Centered Analysis of Eye Tracking Data in Foveated Rendering

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thorsten Roth ◽  
Martin Weier ◽  
André Hinkenjann ◽  
Yongmin Li ◽  
Philipp Slusallek
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
User Study ◽  
Image Synthesis ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Quality Ratings ◽  
Interesting Connection ◽  
Head Mounted Displays ◽  
High Level ◽  
Tracking Device

This work presents the analysis of data recorded by an eye tracking device in the course of evaluating a foveated rendering approach for head-mounted displays (HMDs). Foveated ren- dering methods adapt the image synthesis process to the user’s gaze and exploiting the human visual system’s limitations to increase rendering performance. Especially, foveated rendering has great potential when certain requirements have to be fulfilled, like low-latency rendering to cope with high display refresh rates. This is crucial for virtual reality (VR), as a high level of immersion, which can only be achieved with high rendering performance and also helps to reduce nausea, is an important factor in this field. We put things in context by first providing basic information about our rendering system, followed by a description of the user study and the collected data. This data stems from fixation tasks that subjects had to perform while being shown fly-through sequences of virtual scenes on an HMD. These fixation tasks consisted of a combination of various scenes and fixation modes. Besides static fixation targets, moving tar- gets on randomized paths as well as a free focus mode were tested. Using this data, we estimate the precision of the utilized eye tracker and analyze the participants’ accuracy in focusing the displayed fixation targets. Here, we also take a look at eccentricity-dependent quality ratings. Comparing this information with the users’ quality ratings given for the displayed sequences then reveals an interesting connection between fixation modes, fixation accuracy and quality ratings.

A new input system for disabled users involving eye gaze tracker and scanning interface

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pradipta Biswas ◽  
Pat Langdon
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
User Study ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Severe Disabilities ◽  
Scanning System ◽  
Interaction Techniques ◽  
Interaction Technique ◽  
Gaze Tracking ◽  
Content Type ◽  
New System

PurposeThis paper aims to present a new input interaction system for people with severe disabilities. The new system works based on eye gaze tracking and single switch scanning interaction techniques. It combines eye gaze tracking and scanning in a unique way which is faster than only scanning‐based systems while more comfortable to use than only eye gaze tracking‐based systems, which is also supported by a user study.Design/methodology/approachThe aim was to design a new interaction technique combining eye tracking and scanning technique for severely disabled people. A comparative study with eight users involving only an eye tracking system and the system combining eye tracking and scanning was conducted.FindingsThe participants rated the new system easier and less strenuous to use than the eye gaze tracking‐based system, while the new system did not slow the speed of interaction.Originality/valueThis new method based on eye gaze tracking and single switch scanning interaction techniques has potential to be a new interaction technique combining free source eye tracker and scanning switches. It is hoped users who can move a limb to use a single switch‐based scanning system will be hugely benefitted by this new system.

scholarly journals Oxytocin administration does not influence eye gaze of volunteers towards physicians nor their self-perceived bonding with physicians

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Jongerius ◽  
Marij A. Hillen ◽  
Ellen M.A. Smets ◽  
Mathijs J. Mol ◽  
Eefje S. Kooij ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Communication Style ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Critical Determinant ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Attachment Orientation ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Patient Health ◽  
Physician Relationship

The patient-physician relationship is a critical determinant for patient health outcomes. Verbal and non-verbal communication, such as eye gaze, are vital aspects of this bond. Neurobiological studies indicate that oxytocin may serve as a link between increased eye gaze and social bonding. Therefore, oxytocin signaling could serve as a key factor influencing eye gaze as well as the patient-physician relationship. We aimed to test the effects of oxytocin on gaze to the eyes of the physician and the patient-physician relationship by conducting a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial in healthy volunteers with intranasally administered oxytocin (24IU). Eye gaze of sixty-eight male volunteers was studied using eye-tracking. Volunteers engaged in a simulated video call consultation with a physician who provided information about vaccination against the human papilloma virus. Relationship outcomes (including trust, satisfaction and perceived physician communication style) were measured using questionnaires and corrected for possible confounders (social anxiety and attachment orientation). Additional secondary outcome measures were recall of information and pupil diameter and exploratory outcomes were mood and anxiety. Oxytocin did not affect eye tracking parameters of volunteers’ gaze towards the eyes of the physician. Moreover, oxytocin did not affect parameters of bonding between volunteers and the physician, nor other secondary and exploratory outcomes. Bayesian hypothesis testing provided evidence for the absence of effects. These results contradict the notion that oxytocin affects eye gaze patterns or bonding.

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