The Effects of Hate Groups on Hate Crimes

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Yahagi
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Crime Rate ◽  
Multiple Equilibria ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Hate Groups ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Simple Theoretical Model ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This paper presents a simple theoretical model to analyze the relationship between hate groups and hate crimes. This paper focuses on two important roles of hate groups; as providers of membership benefits for group members and as a coordination device for leadership. This paper shows that this interaction implies the possibility of multiple equilibria of the crime rate. This result explains why hate crimes and extreme criminal activities vary across communities and over time, and why a social shock such as 9/11 resulted in a rapid increase of hate crimes. Moreover, if hate groups work as coordination devices, the existence of hate groups may increase hate crimes. This result supports recent empirical results analyzing relationships between hate groups and hate crimes.

Firm Size and the Relationship Between Wage Dispersion and Firm Performance

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Homero Zambrano
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Firm Performance ◽  
Firm Size ◽  
Small Firms ◽  
Wage Structure ◽  
Wage Dispersion ◽  
Large Firms ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Simple Theoretical Model ◽  
The Relationship

A simple theoretical model explains the divergent empirical results concerning the effect of wage dispersion on firm performance. First, causality in the relationship is clarified. Then, through the model, it is shown that firm performance is non-monotonic with respect to wage dispersion. Likewise, it is shown that large firms are more likely to benefit from a dispersed wage structure than small firms.

scholarly journals Community vibrancy and its relationship with safety in Philadelphia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0257530
Author(s):  
Wichinpong Park Sinchaisri ◽  
Shane T. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Crime Rate ◽  
Neighborhood Safety ◽  
Community Impact ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Crime Incidence ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Unique Dataset

To what extent can the strength of a local urban community impact neighborhood safety? We construct measures of community vibrancy based on a unique dataset of block party permit approvals from the City of Philadelphia. Our first measure captures the overall volume of block party events in a neighborhood whereas our second measure captures differences in the type (regular versus spontaneous) of block party activities. We use both regression modeling and propensity score matching to control for the economic, demographic and land use characteristics of the surrounding neighborhood when examining the relationship between crime and our two measures of community vibrancy. We conduct our analysis on aggregate levels of crime and community vibrancy from 2006 to 2015 as well as the trends in community vibrancy and crime over this time period. We find that neighborhoods with a higher number of block parties have a significantly higher crime rate, while those holding a greater proportion of spontaneous block party events have a significantly lower crime rate. We also find that neighborhoods which have an increase in the proportion of spontaneous block parties over time are significantly more likely to have a decreasing trend in total crime incidence over that same time period.

Relationship of wool production to stocking rate in Victoria

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (74) ◽  
pp. 357 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Jardine ◽  
S O'Brien ◽  
MV Frew
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
General Relationship ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Simple Theoretical Model ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Data from 14 stocking rate experiments, conducted over the period 1964-72, are used to derive a general relationship between wool production (W, kg sheep-1) and stocking rate (R, sheep ha-1), for the wool-growing areas of Victoria. This relationship is: W = (2.10 + 1.11P - 0.0045 C2) - (0.16 + 0.026 P - 0.00054 C2). R, where P ('productivity', kg sheep-1) and C ('carrying capacity', sheep ha-1) characterise any particular locality in a given year. The relationship is shown to be in accord with a simple theoretical model. In addition, some comparative ewe-wether relationships are presented.

scholarly journals Corruption and Deforestation: a differential game model

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassandro Mendes ◽  
Sabino Junior
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Differential Games ◽  
Differential Game ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
Game Model ◽  
The Public ◽  
Simple Theoretical Model ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
The Relationship

<p class="ber"><span lang="EN-GB">Deforestation is a global issue and recently has been given much attention by governments and international institutions. The present paper aims to present a simple theoretical model on the relationship between corruption and deforestation. To model such relationship, we used differential games. Our model suggests that corruption increases deforestation. Moreover, the salary paid in the public sector may be an important tool to fight deforestation in development countries.</span></p>

scholarly journals Out-group Threat and Xenophobic Hate Crimes - Evidence of Local Intergroup Conflict Dynamics between Immigrants and Natives

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sascha Riaz ◽  
Daniel Bischof ◽  
Markus Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Intergroup Conflict ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Western Democracies ◽  
Crime Event

This study examines the relationship between crimes attributed to immigrants and hate crimes against refugees at the local level. We argue that localized crime events attributed to immigrants can lead natives to exact retribution against uninvolved out-group members. We investigate such intergroup conflict dynamics between immigrants and natives in Germany, a country that has in recent years experienced a sharp increase in both the foreign-born population and hate crimes. Our empirical analysis leverages fine-grained geo-coded data on more than 9,400 hate crimes and 60,000 immigrant-attributed crime events between 2015 and 2019. Using a regression discontinuity in time design (RDiT), we show that the daily probability of hate crimes doubles in the immediate aftermath of an immigrant crime event in a local community. Additional evidence points to mobilization rather than legitimization as a likely mechanism. Our results speak to growing concerns about xenophobic violence in Western democracies.

RIGIDITY AS A PREDICTOR OF OLDER PERSONS' AGING STEREOTYPES AND AGING SELF-PERCEPTIONS

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Becca R. Levy
Keyword(s):  
Older Persons ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Community Living ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Rigidity has been previously associated with the propensity of dominant group members to target stigmatized groups with negative stereotypes. It was considered in this study whether or not rigidity predicts that members of a stigmatized group, the elderly will target their own group with negative aging stereotypes; and, if so, whether these stereotypes predict aging self-perceptions, or thinking about themselves growing old. As expected (1) older individuals with more rigidity held significantly more negative aging stereotypes over time, (2) older individuals with more negative aging stereotypes had significantly more negative aging self-perceptions over time, and (3) negative aging stereotypes partially mediated the relationship between rigidity and negative aging self-perceptions. The sample of 405 community-living individuals, aged 50 or older, was studied in 6 waves over 20 years. The findings suggest that flexibility can benefit older individuals' self-views.

Prosecutors and Plea Bargains

2019 ◽  
pp. 56-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan C. McCannon
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Plea Bargaining ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Jury Trial ◽  
Bargaining Process ◽  
Simple Theoretical Model ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter focuses on the prosecutor’s role in plea bargaining. To guide the analysis, a simple theoretical model is developed, exploring the interaction between the prosecutor and the defense in the plea bargaining process. This theoretical framework is then used to organize the relationship between plea bargaining and the prosecutor in the likelihood of going to trial and the size of the plea discount. With regard to going to trial, three important dimensions are evaluated: (1) the expectations of the outcome to arise if the case goes to trial, (2) the magnitude of the stakes if convicted, and (3) the costs involved with going to a jury trial. Finally, the theoretical model is used to evaluate the size of the plea discount obtained.

Brand image and customer loyalty: Transmitting roles of cognitive and affective brand trust

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Liang Huang ◽  
Muning Wang ◽  
Zhiling Chen ◽  
Benchi Deng ◽  
Wenfeng Huang
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Path Analysis ◽  
Customer Loyalty ◽  
Brand Image ◽  
Marketing Management ◽  
Brand Trust ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
The Relationship

In this study we explored the effect of brand trust on the relationship between brand image and customer loyalty. We took Procter & Gamble as the target brand and developed and tested a theoretical model regarding the relationships among brand image, brand trust (i.e., cognitive and affective), and customer loyalty (i.e., repurchase and advocacy intention) using path analysis and bias-corrected bootstrapping. Empirical results of data from 283 consumers revealed that brand image was positively related to both cognitive and affective brand trust. Brand image was indirectly correlated with both repurchase and advocacy intention through cognitive brand trust, and brand image was indirectly related to advocacy intention through affective brand trust. These findings provide a basis for enterprise marketing management to enhance customer loyalty by shaping the brand image.

Investment Traits and Intelligence in Adulthood

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie von Stumm
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Need For Cognition ◽  
Openness To Experience ◽  
Intelligence Tests ◽  
Crystallized Intelligence ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Intelligence-as-knowledge in adulthood is influenced by individual differences in intelligence-as-process (i.e., fluid intelligence) and in personality traits that determine when, where, and how people invest their intelligence over time. Here, the relationship between two investment traits (i.e., Openness to Experience and Need for Cognition), intelligence-as-process and intelligence-as-knowledge, as assessed by a battery of crystallized intelligence tests and a new knowledge measure, was examined. The results showed that (1) both investment traits were positively associated with intelligence-as-knowledge; (2) this effect was stronger for Openness to Experience than for Need for Cognition; and (3) associations between investment and intelligence-as-knowledge reduced when adjusting for intelligence-as-process but remained mostly significant.

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