scholarly journals Community vibrancy and its relationship with safety in Philadelphia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0257530
Author(s):  
Wichinpong Park Sinchaisri ◽  
Shane T. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Crime Rate ◽  
Neighborhood Safety ◽  
Community Impact ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Crime Incidence ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Unique Dataset

To what extent can the strength of a local urban community impact neighborhood safety? We construct measures of community vibrancy based on a unique dataset of block party permit approvals from the City of Philadelphia. Our first measure captures the overall volume of block party events in a neighborhood whereas our second measure captures differences in the type (regular versus spontaneous) of block party activities. We use both regression modeling and propensity score matching to control for the economic, demographic and land use characteristics of the surrounding neighborhood when examining the relationship between crime and our two measures of community vibrancy. We conduct our analysis on aggregate levels of crime and community vibrancy from 2006 to 2015 as well as the trends in community vibrancy and crime over this time period. We find that neighborhoods with a higher number of block parties have a significantly higher crime rate, while those holding a greater proportion of spontaneous block party events have a significantly lower crime rate. We also find that neighborhoods which have an increase in the proportion of spontaneous block parties over time are significantly more likely to have a decreasing trend in total crime incidence over that same time period.

scholarly journals Creating relationship continuity across projects in the construction industry

IMP Journal ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malena Ingemansson Havenvid ◽  
Elsebeth Holmen ◽  
Åse Linné ◽  
Ann-Charlott Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Mutual Orientation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Construction Firms ◽  
Relationship Continuity ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Strategy Types ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship continuity across projects among actors in the construction industry, and to discuss why and how such continuity takes place. Design/methodology/approach The authors draw on the results from four in-depth case studies illustrating different strategies for pursuing relationship continuity. The results are analysed and discussed in light of the oft-mentioned strategies suggested by Mintzberg (1987): emergent, deliberate and deliberately emergent strategies. Furthermore, the ARA-model is used to discuss why the relationship continuity strategies are pursued, and which factors might enable and constrain the relationship continuity. Findings The main findings are twofold. First, the authors found that the strategy applied for pursuing relationship continuity may, in one-time period, contain one type of strategy or a mix of strategy types. Second, the type of strategy may evolve over time, from one type of strategy being more pronounced in one period, to other strategies being more pronounced in later periods. The strategies applied by construction firms and their counterparts can thus contain elements of emergent, deliberate and deliberately emergent strategies, in varying degrees over time. It is also shown that the strategies of the involved actors co-evolve as a result of interaction. Also, the main reasons for pursuing continuity appear to lie in the re-use and development of important resources and activities across projects to create efficiency and the possibility to develop mutual orientation, commitment and trust over time, and thus reduce uncertainty. Research limitations/implications Further empirical studies are needed to support the findings. For managers, the main implication is that relationship continuity can arise as part of an emerging interaction pattern between firms or as part of a planned strategy, but that elements of both might be needed to sustain it. Originality/value The authors combine Mintzberg’s strategy concepts with the ARA-model to bring new light to the widely debated issue of discontinuity and fragmentation in the construction industry.

scholarly journals Visualizing Belief in Meritocracy, 1930–2010

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 237802311881180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan J. B. Mijs
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Western World ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Popular Belief ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Over Time

In this figure I describe the long trend in popular belief in meritocracy across the Western world between 1930 and 2010. Studying trends in attitudes is limited by the paucity of survey data that can be compared across countries and over time. Here, I show how to complement survey waves with cohort-level data. Repeated surveys draw on a representative sample of the population to describe the typical beliefs held by citizens in a given country and period. Leveraging the fact that citizens surveyed in a given year were born in different time-periods allows for a comparison of beliefs across birth cohorts. The latter overlaps with the former, but considerably extends the time period covered by the data. Taken together, the two measures give a “triangulated” longitudinal record of popular belief in meritocracy. I find that in most countries, popular belief in meritocracy is (much) stronger for more recent periods and cohorts.

Guidance for Custom Alarm Design: You Don’t Have to “Crank it up to 11”

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-145
Author(s):  
Morgan E. Reynolds ◽  
Michael F. Rayo ◽  
Morgan Fitzgerald ◽  
Mahmoud Abdel - Rasoul ◽  
Susan D. Moffatt - Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
First Impressions ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Daily Exposure ◽  
Real Work ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Changes in alarm perception and response after prolonged daily exposure is not well studied due to the difficulties in setting up rigorous longitudinal studies in real work domains. A prime example of this is the absence of research studying how conveyed urgency and identifiability of auditory alarms change over time. We conducted a three-year study to understand how alarm performance with respect to these two measures changed over time, ostensibly due to prolonged nurse exposure. Gaining a better understanding of the relationship between these two aspects of a sound’s sensory dimension could be extremely valuable to acoustical alarm designers, as it allows them to anticipate changes in the sounds’ sensory performance over time, and not be overly sensitive to first impressions of the auditory alarm set.

scholarly journals Growth and Income Inequality: A Comparative Analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayla Ogus Binatli
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Growth Changes ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Over Time

This paper investigates whether the relationship between income inequality and growth changes over time. Two time periods, covering 1970–1985 and 1985–1999, are analyzed and compared. A statistically significant relationship between inequality and growth in either time period fails to emerge. However, there are indications that effect of inequality on growth may be different in the nineties when compared to the seventies. In the literature, a consistent negative effect of inequality on growth is documented although the significance of the effect is open to debate. This paper also finds a negative effect of income inequality on growth in the seventies but, although statistically insignificant, a consistently positive effect in the nineties.

Measuring Situation Awareness in an Attack Helicopter Domain: An Exploratory Investigation

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-253
Author(s):  
Eileen B. Entin
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Simulation ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Exploratory Investigation ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

We contrasted two methods for assessing situation awareness (SA) in a dynamic, fast-paced military domain, a high-level measure based on subjects' responses to global questions about a tactical situation and a detailed measure based on their answers to questions about specific elements of the situation. We hypothesized that the two measures would be correlated, and while they were initially, as a dynamic simulation progressed, the relationship between the two measures decreased. We also hypothesized that level of SA would be correlated over time, but the two approaches to the assessment of SA lead to different conclusions, with the high-level measure showing a significant correlation while the detailed measure was not correlated across the measurement periods. The internal consistency of the detailed measure also decreased over time, suggesting that SA becomes more fragmented as a dynamic situation develops, and calling into question the appropriateness of measuring SA as a unified concept.

scholarly journals The Impact of Intergenerational Mobility on Msa Growth in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-141
Author(s):  
Mauro Joseph
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
The United States ◽  
Income Mobility ◽  
Absolute Income ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis paper explores the relationship between economic growth and intergenerational mobility in the United States. Data from metropolitan statistical areas in the U.S. is used to examine how two measures of intergenerational mobility impact growth rates. More precisely, I examine how absolute income mobility and relative income mobility are related the growth rate of real gross metropolitan product (RGMP) from 2001 to 2011. I find that absolute mobility has a positive relationship with RGMP growth over the time period, and that relative mobility exhibits a negative relationship with RGMP. Results are found to be robust to two stage least squares estimation.

The Effects of Hate Groups on Hate Crimes

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Yahagi
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Crime Rate ◽  
Multiple Equilibria ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Hate Groups ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Simple Theoretical Model ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This paper presents a simple theoretical model to analyze the relationship between hate groups and hate crimes. This paper focuses on two important roles of hate groups; as providers of membership benefits for group members and as a coordination device for leadership. This paper shows that this interaction implies the possibility of multiple equilibria of the crime rate. This result explains why hate crimes and extreme criminal activities vary across communities and over time, and why a social shock such as 9/11 resulted in a rapid increase of hate crimes. Moreover, if hate groups work as coordination devices, the existence of hate groups may increase hate crimes. This result supports recent empirical results analyzing relationships between hate groups and hate crimes.

scholarly journals What to Expect When the Unexpected Becomes Expected: Harmonic Surprise and Preference Over Time in Popular Music

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott A. Miles ◽  
David S. Rosen ◽  
Shaun Barry ◽  
David Grunberg ◽  
Norberto Grzywacz
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Music Preference ◽  
Specific Time ◽  
Preference Formation ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Statistical Regularities ◽  
Higher Harmonic ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Previous work demonstrates that music with more surprising chords tends to be perceived as more enjoyable than music with more conventional harmonic structures. In that work, harmonic surprise was computed based upon a static distribution of chords. This would assume that harmonic surprise is constant over time, and the effect of harmonic surprise on music preference is similarly static. In this study we assess that assumption and establish that the relationship between harmonic surprise (as measured according to a specific time period) and music preference is not constant as time goes on. Analyses of harmonic surprise and preference from 1958 to 1991 showed increased harmonic surprise over time, and that this increase was significantly more pronounced in preferred songs. Separate analyses showed similar increases over the years from 2000 to 2019. As such, these findings provide evidence that the human perception of tonality is influenced by exposure. Baseline harmonic expectations that were developed through listening to the music of “yesterday” are violated in the music of “today,” leading to preference. Then, once the music of “today” provides the baseline expectations for the music of “tomorrow,” more pronounced violations—and with them, higher harmonic surprise values—become associated with preference formation. We call this phenomenon the “Inflationary-Surprise Hypothesis.” Support for this hypothesis could impact the understanding of how the perception of tonality, and other statistical regularities, are developed in the human brain.

scholarly journals Studying the Changes in Solar Radiation and Their Influence on Temperature Trend in Iraq for a Whole Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2(Suppl.)) ◽  
pp. 1076
Author(s):  
Basim Abdulsada Al-Knani ◽  
Iqbal H. Abdulkareem ◽  
Hussain Abodi Nemah ◽  
Zahraa Nasir
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Direct Solar Radiation ◽  
Sharp Drop ◽  
Temperature Levels ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Atmospheric Variables

Most studies indicated that the values ​​of atmospheric variables have changed from their general rates due to pollution or global warming etc. Hence, the research indicates the changes of direct solar radiation values ​​over a whole century i.e. from 1900 to 2000 depending on registered data for four cities, namely (Mosul - Baghdad - Rutba - Basra. Moreover, attemptsto correlate the direct solar radiation with the temperature values have been ​​recorded over that period. The results showed that there is a decreasing pattern of radiation quantities over time throughout the study period, where the value of direct radiation over the city of Baghdad 5550 w/m2 was recorded in the year 1900, but this ratio decreased clearly to approximately 5400 w/m2 in the year 2000, which is perhaps due to the increase of general pollution rates in the atmosphere. The results also showed that the city of Rutba recorded the highest annual rate of radiation quantities, and Baghdad with Mosul recorded the lowest radiation ratios compared to the rest of the cities, in addition to that there was a large convergence of radiation ratios between them to some extent. The results showed that there is a sharp drop in radiation ratios, specifically in the years1980and 1990. As for the extent of the relationship for solar radiation with temperature levels throughout the study period, it was found that there is an inverse relationship between them, and this confirms that the cause of high temperatures is not because of increased solar radiation, but it may rather due to other reasons such as increased greenhouse gases.

Measuring Crime Dispersion

2001 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 350-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn Chilvers
Keyword(s):  
Crime Rate ◽  
Spatial Dispersion ◽  
Crime Control ◽  
Risk Measures ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Crime Statistics ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Crime Risk ◽  
Over Time

Existing crime statistics generally either compare crime rates within regions over time, in order to identify a worsening or improvement in crime risk, or rank regions by crime rate in a specific time period, in order to compare communities on the relative risk of victimisation. Such comparisons, however, provide no information about the relative contribution made by particular geographical areas to the observed aggregate change in the state crime rate or to the total level of crime. This paper describes the development of graphical methods and summary indices which measure the spatial dispersion of crime risk and the spatial dispersion of a change in crime risk. Measures of crime dispersion such as those described in this paper could prove useful in choosing among alternative crime control strategies and in measuring the net effects of crime control strategies or policies. Furthermore, the tendency towards a progressive concentration of crime in certain neighbourhoods may be studied.

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