scholarly journals Variation and Correlations Among Stem Growth and Wood Traits of Calycophyllum spruceanum Benth. from the Peruvian Amazon

2005 ◽  
Vol 54 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 31-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Weber ◽  
C. Sotelo Montes
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Heat Content ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Peruvian Amazon ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Farming Communities ◽  
Wood Traits ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Calycophyllum spruceanum Benth. is an important tree for timber and energy in the western Amazon, with expanding national and international markets for its wood. There is relatively little information, however, about geographic variation in tree growth and wood properties, and correlations among these traits. The first provenance trial was established with farming communities in the Peruvian Amazon. Seven provenances, sampled from regions near the equator, were tested in three planting zones located in one watershed. Variation and correlations were investigated in stem growth at 30 and 42 months, wood density (in the lower and upper parts of the stem) and mean heat content of stem wood at 32 months. Stem height varied significantly among provenances and planting zones, but zones accounted for much more variation than provenances. Stem wood traits did not vary significantly among provenances. Wood density was greater in the lower than in the upper stem. Wood density in the upper stem and the difference in density between the lower and upper stem varied significantly among planting zones: density in the upper stem was lowest, and the difference in density between the lower and upper stem was largest in the zone where trees grew most rapidly. Phenotypic correlations between stem growth and wood density differed in sign among planting zones, suggesting that selecting fastgrowing trees could indirectly reduce wood density in environments where trees grow slowly, and increase the difference in wood density between the lower and upper stem in environments where trees grow very rapidly. Correlations between stem growth and wood heat content were stable across zones, and indicated that larger trees tended to have wood with higher heat content. Stem-wood heat content varied with provenance latitude/ longitude in the sample region, but none of the other traits varied clinally. Results indicate that there is potential to select faster-growing provenances at an early age, but this could affect wood density in certain environments.

Growth and wood properties of genetically improved loblolly pine: propagation type comparison and genetic parameters

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Finto Antony ◽  
Laurence R. Schimleck ◽  
Lewis Jordan ◽  
Benjamin Hornsby ◽  
Joseph Dahlen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Genetically Improved ◽  
Growth Properties ◽  
Wood Traits ◽  
Clonal Lines

The use of clonal varieties in forestry offers great potential to improve growth traits (quantity) and wood properties (quality) of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Loblolly pine trees established via somatic embryogenesis (clones), full-sib zygotic crosses, and half-sib zygotic open-pollinated families were sampled to identify variation in growth and wood properties among and within clonal lines and zygotic controls. Increment cores 5 mm in diameter were collected at age 4 from a total of 2615 trees. Growth properties (diameter at 1.4 m and total tree height) and wood properties (whole-core density, latewood and earlywood density, and latewood percent) were measured for each tree sampled in the study. Overall, growth properties were better for full-sib seedling than for clonal lines, whereas wood density was higher for clonal lines than full-sib and open-pollinated seedlings. However, there were clonal lines with better growth and higher wood density. Clonal repeatability of both growth and wood properties across sampled sites and genetic correlations between growth and wood traits were determined, with higher repeatability observed for wood traits compared with growth traits. Significant genetic correlations were observed for tree height and wood properties, whereas weak correlations were observed for diameter and wood properties.

scholarly journals Inter-clonal variation, coordination and trade-offs between hydraulic conductance and gas exchange in Pinus radiata: consequences on plant growth and wood density

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Rodríguez-Gamir ◽  
Jianming Xue ◽  
Dean F Meason ◽  
Michael Clearwater ◽  
Peter W Clinton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Hydraulic System ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Clonal Variation ◽  
Hydraulic Efficiency ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Trade Offs

Abstract Stem growth reflects genetic and phenotypic differences within a tree species. The plant hydraulic system regulates the carbon economy, and therefore variations in growth and wood density. A whole-organism perspective, by partitioning the hydraulic system, is crucial for understanding the physical and physiological processes that co-ordinately mediate plant growth. The aim of this study was to determine whether the relationships and trade-offs between (1) hydraulic traits and their relative contribution to whole-plant hydraulic system, (2) plant water transport, (3) CO2 assimilation, (4) plant growth and (5) wood density are revealed at inter-clonal level within a variable population of ten Pinus radiata (D. Don) clones for these characters. We demonstrated strong coordination between several plant organs regarding their hydraulic efficiency. Hydraulic efficiency, gas exchange and plant growth were intimately linked. Small reductions in stem wood density were related to large increase in sapwood hydraulic efficiency, and thus with plant growth. However, stem growth rate was negatively related with wood density. We discuss insights explaining the relationships and trade-offs of plant traits examined in this study, which provide better understanding of the existing coordination, likely genetic-dependent, between biophysical structure of wood, plant growth, hydraulic partitioning and physiological plant functions in P. radiata.

Genetic variation in wood shrinkage and its correlations with tree growth and wood density of Calycophyllum spruceanum at an early age in the Peruvian Amazon

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 966-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Sotelo Montes ◽  
Jean Beaulieu ◽  
Roger E. Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Peruvian Amazon ◽  
Shrinkage Ratio ◽  
Radial Shrinkage ◽  
Timber Tree

Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) Hook. f. ex Shum. is an important timber tree species in the Peruvian Amazon Basin. Farmers and industry use wood from young trees of this species, so tree breeders should investigate genetic variation in juvenile wood properties to verify whether they can be improved. A previous study using the same provenance/progeny test showed that there was significant genetic variation in tree growth and wood density, that heritability was higher for density than for growth, and that density and growth were positively correlated at 39 months. This paper presents results for wood shrinkage at 39 months and their correlations with tree growth and wood density. Data were collected on thinned trees. Shrinkage values were relatively low when considering wood density of this species. There was significant genetic variation in wood shrinkage due to families within provenances and, in some cases, due to provenances. Heritability estimates were moderately high for linear and volumetric shrinkage (0.37–0.50) and lower for the tangential/radial shrinkage ratio (0.21–0.29) across zones. The genetic correlations that were considered significant ranged from 0.30 to 0.80. In general, genetic correlations suggest that selection of faster-growing trees with higher wood density would result in wood with greater shrinkage and a larger tangential/radial shrinkage ratio.

scholarly journals Genetic Variation and Correlations between Growth and Wood Density of Calycophyllum spruceanum at an Early Age in the Peruvian Amazon

2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 217-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sotelo Montes ◽  
R. E. Hernández ◽  
J. Beaulieu ◽  
J. C. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Control ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Peruvian Amazon

Abstract Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) Hook. f. ex K. Shum. is an important timber-tree species in the Peruvian Amazon Basin. As farmers and industry often use wood from young trees, it is important to investigate variation in juvenile wood properties in this species. A provenance/progeny test was established to evaluate genetic variation in growth and wood properties of young trees, the strength of their genetic control as well as their interrelationships both at the genetic and the phenotypic level in different planting zones. In this paper, results are presented for tree height and stem diameter (near ground level) at 16, 28 and 39 months; and stem diameter and basic density of the wood at breast height at 39 months. Significant variation due to provenances and especially due to families within provenances was found in growth and wood density. Phenotypic and genetic correlations indicated that larger trees tended to have denser wood. Wood density had higher heritability than height and diameter; and genetic control over height, diameter and density was generally highest in the planting zone where trees grew most rapidly.

Midrotation effects of biosolids application on tree growth and wood properties in a Pinus radiata plantation

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 1921-1930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailong Wang ◽  
Mark O Kimberley ◽  
Guna N Magesan ◽  
Russell B McKinley ◽  
John R Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Nitrogen Loading ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Biosolids Application

Biosolids have been applied to a 1000 ha Pinus radiata D. Don plantation in Nelson, New Zealand, since 1996. A research trial was established in a 6-year-old stand in 1997 with three stocking rates (300, 450, and 600 stems·ha–1), and biosolids were applied at ages 6, 9, and 12 years at three application rates based on total nitrogen loading at each application of 0 (control), 300 (standard), and 600 kg N·ha–1 (high). The aim of this study was to evaluate the responses of tree growth rate and wood properties to biosolids application at midrotation. Since the trial was established, tree diameter and volume increment in the biosolids-treated plots have increased markedly. This increase in growth is being maintained at midrotation, with the year 13–14 volume increment being 40% greater in the standard treatment than the control, and 46% greater in the high treatment than the control. The response in growth has occurred across all stockings in the trial, although there has been a tendency for the difference in growth between the standard and high rates to be greater at higher stockings. A small but significant reduction of basic wood density and standing-tree sonic velocity in P. radiata was found in the biosolids treatments. Although the reductions in wood density and stiffness may slightly decrease the average log value in biosolids treated trees, this will be greatly outweighed by the large increase in wood volume.

Differences in wood decay by Heterobasidion parviporum in cloned Norway spruce (Picea abies)

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Puentes Rodriguez ◽  
A. Zubizarreta Gerendiain ◽  
A. Pappinen ◽  
H. Peltola ◽  
P. Pulkkinen
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Fibre Properties ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Average Wood

In forest breeding, growth has been used as the main selection trait in Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.), whereas wood properties or resistance to pathogens have been taken as secondary traits. We aimed to investigate, in laboratory conditions, the rate of wood decay caused by Heterobasidion parviporum (Fr.) Niemelä & Korhonen (strains 5 and 7) in 20 Norway spruce clones. We also studied if, on average, growth, wood density, and fibre properties differed in the most and least decayed clones as well as from pith to bark. After 6 months of incubation, strain 7 effected significantly higher wood decay than strain 5 (mean 16.9% and 1.7%, respectively). The difference between the five most decayed and five least decayed clones by strain 7 was also statistically significant (P < 0.05). Moreover, regardless of clone or strain, the wood decay was highest near the pith and lowest near the bark, which is the opposite for wood density and fibre length and width. However, neither wood density nor fibre properties explained, statistically, the differences in average wood decay and decay from pith to bark. On the other hand, we could identify clones that simultaneously provided high wood quantity and relatively high wood density and low decay rate.

scholarly journals Inheritance and Correlation Analysis of Pulpwood Properties, Wood Density, and Growth Traits of Slash Pine

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanjie Li ◽  
Xianyin Ding ◽  
Jingmin Jiang ◽  
Qifu Luan
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Wood Traits ◽  
Breeding Selection ◽  
The Relationship

Slash pine (Pinus elliottii) is the most important and a fast-growing material that is used for industrial timber and pulp production. A breeding program of slash pine that aims to improve wood properties has been employed for the past decade. This study analysed the genetics and correlation of growth traits and wood properties of a total of 1059 individual plants from 49 families of P. elliottii. Heritability, family ranking, genetic gain, and the relationship between these traits were estimated. The results showed that there was a significant negative genetic correlation between the holocellulose and lignin content. The heritabilities of these four traits were ranked from 0.18 to 0.32. The chemical wood traits did not show a strong correlation with diameter at breast height (DBH) and wood density. However, it is still possible to combine wood traits for selection. It was suggested that the genetic breeding selection could improve the growth and quality of P. elliottii.

scholarly journals Influence of stand density, thinning and elevated CO2 on stem wood density of spruce

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 400-405
Author(s):  
I. Tomášková ◽  
R. Pokorný ◽  
V. Marek M
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Vertical Profile ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
The Difference

Stem wood density (SWD) of young Norway spruce trees (<i>Picea abie</I>s [L.] Karst.) growing at ambient (A variant, 350 &micro;mol(CO<sub>2</sub>)/mol) and elevated (E variant, A + 350 &micro;mol(CO<sub>2</sub>)/mol) atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration inside of the glass domes with adjustable windows was estimated after six and eight years of the cultivation. Stand density of two subvariants (s – sparse with ca 5,000 trees/ha and d – dense with ca 10,000 trees/ha) and thinning impact (intensity of 27%) on SWD and its variation along the stem vertical profile were investigated. After six years of CO<sub>2</sub> fumigation, stems of sparse subvariant had about 10% lower values of SWD comparing to dense ones, although the difference was not statistically significant. In 2004 (two years after thinning), the SWD values were higher in all subvariants along the whole stem vertical profile. This increase was more obvious in E variant (about 6% in d subvariant and only 3% in s subvariant). The highest increase of SWD values was found in Ed subvariant, particularly in the middle stem part (about 8%, statistically significant increase).

Wood density variation in naturally regenerated stands of Pinus ponderosa in northern Arizona, USA

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Damon Vaughan ◽  
David Auty ◽  
Thomas Kolb ◽  
Joseph Dahlen ◽  
Andrew J. Sánchez Meador ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Forest Restoration ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Density Variation ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Northern Arizona ◽  
Naturally Regenerated Stands

In the southwestern United States, land managers are implementing large-scale forest restoration projects involving treatments designed to improve forest health, protect ecosystem services, and reduce the risk of catastrophic wildfire in overstocked ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. & C. Laws.) forests. A better understanding of wood properties is necessary to improve the currently limited markets for the woody byproducts generated by these treatments. Therefore, our objective was to investigate variations in ponderosa pine wood density across the northern Arizona landscape. We sampled trees from 18 naturally regenerated stands and used X-ray densitometry to quantify the radial and axial variation within and among trees. We modeled within-stem wood density patterns using generalized additive models, and investigated the effects of climatic variation using response function analyses. Additionally, we tested the effects of site-level predictors on whole-tree wood density. We found high variability in radial wood density profiles among trees in our stands compared with that observed in studies of other species grown in plantations — perhaps due to high genetic variation within naturally regenerated stands. Wood density was negatively correlated with precipitation at annual and most quarterly intervals, except for a positive correlation with late-summer monsoon precipitation. The high wood density variation we found among trees highlights the need for further investigation of controls over wood properties in natural nonplantation forests.

Relationships of wood density and wood chemical traits between stems and coarse roots across 53 Bornean tropical tree species

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michiko Nakagawa ◽  
Megumi Hori ◽  
Mitsutoshi Umemura ◽  
Takuya Ishida
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Tropical Tree ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Tropical Tree Species ◽  
Wood Trait ◽  
Wood Traits ◽  
Chemical Traits

Abstract:Wood density and wood chemical traits are strong predictors of tree performance, carbon stock, and wood decomposition, which play important roles in ecosystem processes and carbon and nutrient cycling in forests. However, it remains unknown how root wood traits are related to stem wood traits. We examined the relationships of wood density and wood chemical traits (lignin and nitrogen concentrations, carbon-to-nitrogen ratio) between the stems and coarse roots of 90 individuals representing 53 tropical tree species in Malaysian Borneo. We developed regression equations of each wood trait using the standardized major axis method. Each root wood trait was highly correlated with the corresponding stem wood trait, and most regression equations fitted well (R2 > 0.5). The lignin concentration of roots was significantly greater than that of stems. We conclude that root wood traits can be estimated from the corresponding stem wood traits in South-East Asian tropical trees. Further analysis of coarse root decomposability will provide more accurate estimates of carbon and nutrient fluxes in tropical forest ecosystems.

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