scholarly journals The politeness of você in European Portuguese

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-366
Author(s):  
Víctor Lara ◽  
Ana Guilherme
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
Null Subject ◽  
The Real ◽  
European Portuguese ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
European Variety

Abstract The employment of você in current European Portuguese is not clear. Although Brazilian Portuguese has specialised it as an informal pronoun in certain geographical areas within the country, the European variety presents its use in contexts which seem to be contradictory: informal address, formal address and pejorative address. Due to the lack of an in-depth study on the evolution of this form, we have collected data from three different corpora that reflect the real usage of você throughout the twentieth century, since it is from the nineteenth century that você started specialising as an informal pronoun. The results show a decreasing use of this pronoun and a certain degree of polyvalence due to a gradual marginalisation experienced for over one hundred years. As a consequence, the strategy of null subject plus 3sg has emerged as the unmarked politeness strategy in current European Portuguese.

Marry Me?

Love, Inc. ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 83-112
Author(s):  
Laurie Essig
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
The Real ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Real Change ◽  
History Of ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Diamond Ring

Getting engaged now requires more emotional and financial resources than ever before. Here Essig traces the history of engagements from the birth of companionate marriages in the nineteenth century to the invention of rituals like the bended knee and fetish items like the diamond ring in the early twentieth century. But the real change happened at the beginning of the twenty-first century, as engagements became “spectacular,” requiring not just highly staged events but also highly produced videos and images that could then be disseminated to the larger world.

scholarly journals Comparing anaphora resolution in early and late Brazilian Portuguese-European Portuguese bidialectal bilinguals

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-461
Author(s):  
Tammer Castro ◽  
Jason Rothman ◽  
Marit Westergaard
Keyword(s):  
Research Question ◽  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
Anaphora Resolution ◽  
Heritage Speakers ◽  
Null Subject ◽  
European Portuguese ◽  
Interface Hypothesis ◽  
High Degree

The present study examines anaphora resolution in two groups of speakers exposed to Brazilian and European Portuguese (BP and EP, respectively), considering the different null subject distribution in these languages. Our research question is whether late BP-EP bilinguals (age of EP onset: 29.1) and heritage BP speakers raised in Portugal (age of EP onset 5.6), tested in both dialects, will pattern like the native controls or display some effects of EP in their native BP or vice-versa. This is an interesting question in light of the Interface Hypothesis, which claims that external interfaces should be subject to general bilingualism effects irrespective of language pairing and age (Sorace, 2011). The results show that age has an effect, as the heritage speakers do not perform like the late learners, and that the high degree of typological proximity between the two languages could hinder bidialectal acquisition.

scholarly journals UN’IPOTESI SU DI UN PERSONAGGIO DI SAMUEL BECKETT

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amedeo Bellini
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Samuel Beckett ◽  
Honore De Balzac ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
The Real

In the drama by Samuel Beckett En attendant Godot the real protagonist is never on the stage, he is simply the long-awaited one who never arrives: it is not even known if he really exists or if he is only a fantasy of those who on the stage converse about nothing waiting for who they know will never come. It has been much debated on the name Godot: reference to God suggesting various meanings, reference to real personages met by Beckett and much more. Here it is hypothesized a possible link with a character of Honoré de Balzac, a Godeau, he himself an absentee recalled who finally, without appearing on the stage, arrives as deus ex machina and rescues the protagonist from a difficult situation. Perhaps a metaphor for the contrast between the providential optimism of the nineteenth century and the scepticism of the twentieth century.

scholarly journals Brazilian Portuguese

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. e021021
Author(s):  
Maria Eugenia Lamoglia Duarte ◽  
Juliana Esposito Marins
Keyword(s):  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Null Subjects ◽  
Null Subject ◽  
Overt Pronouns ◽  
European Portuguese ◽  
Progressive Loss ◽  
Null Subject Parameter ◽  
Parametric Change ◽  
Apparent Variation

The aim of this article is twofold. In the first place, we present evidence that the syntactic change towards overt pronominal subjects observed in Brazilian Portuguese is not a stable phenomenon; rather, our empirical results allow to follow the parametric change in course and to identify the progressive loss of crucial properties related to ‘consistent’ null subject languages. The contrastive analysis with European Portuguese shows the stronger and the weaker structural contexts in this continuous battle towards the implementation of overt pronouns. Personal sentences (with definite and ‘indefinite’ – arbitrary and generic – subjects, usually referred as “impersonal”) are analyzed in more detail than those we consider impersonal sentences, which include a variety of structures, with climate, existential and unaccusative verbs, . They are, however, shown to have been deeply affected by the re-setting of the value of the Null Subject Parameter. Then, we will briefly compare Brazilian Portuguese with Finnish null subjects to conclude that Brazilian Portuguese does not seem to fit the group of the so called ‘partial’ null subject languages, which seem to exhibit null subjects in very restricted contexts, have a lexical expletive in apparent variation with null and generic subjects as well as in impersonal sentences, when it seems to be merged to avoid a verb-initial sentence. 

Physics and the Ontological Problem

Philosophy ◽  
1932 ◽  
Vol 7 (28) ◽  
pp. 404-413
Author(s):  
G. N. M. Tyrrell
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Real World ◽  
Physical Science ◽  
Ontological Status ◽  
The Real ◽  
Ontological Question ◽  
The World ◽  
The Many ◽  
Ontological Problem

If there is one question which stands forth pre-eminently from among the many problems with which physical science bristles, it is that of the ontological status of the world which physics is exploring. What is reality in the eyes of science, and what are we to understand the physicist to mean when he refers to the “real world”? Can we agree with him when he assures us that physical science represents a progress towards pure truth? There seems to be a certain reluctance on the part of twentieth-century physicists to face the ontological question which I think their colleagues of the nineteenth century did not share to the same extent.

With a Little Help from a Friend: Habeas Corpus and the Magna Carta after Runnymede

2010 ◽  
Vol 43 (03) ◽  
pp. 475-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin J. Wert
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Due Process ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Habeas Corpus ◽  
The Real ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The People ◽  
Magna Carta ◽  
Late Nineteenth

At the beginning of the twentieth century, Charles McIlwain observed that the new histories of the Magna Carta were portraying the charter as a “document of reaction” that could only fulfill its purported greatness “when men [were] no longer able to understand its real meaning” (McIlwain 1914, 46). Characteristic of these early-twentieth-century writers was Edward Jenks, who, in his 1904 article “The Myth of Magna Carta,” came to the conclusion that the real beneficiaries of the document—theliber homoof Article 39—were not “the people” we traditionally imagine, but rather an “aristocratic class … who can no more be ranked amongst the people, than the country gentleman of to-day” (Jenks 1904, 269). Although Jenks's position is often criticized as extreme, it is nevertheless the case that virtually all of the Magna Carta's modern commentators recognize vast historical inaccuracies in the Whiggish accounts of the charter's development up until the late nineteenth century (Radin 1946; Reid 1993; Halliday 2010, 15–16). What these new revisionist histories suggested was that the Magna Carta's great provisions—due process and trial by jury—only became great when, forgetting or ignoring the charter's seemingly lackluster beginnings, generations subsequent to 1215 gave them new meaning.

The Diachrony of Pronouns of Address in 20th-century European Portuguese

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-79
Author(s):  
Víctor Lara-Bermejo ◽  
Ana Rita Bruno Guilherme
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
European Portuguese ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Strategies ◽  
European Variety

Abstract The system of pronouns of address in Portuguese is known for its complexity. Although many investigations (mainly case studies) on Brazilian Portuguese have been carried out to this respect, there is lack of in-depth studies about the European variety. In this article, we aim to provide the history of the system of pronouns of address in European Portuguese throughout the 20th century, by analyzing dialect data pertaining to three sociolinguistic corpora. The results highlight that the 20th century meant a time with profound changes in Portugal’s society, since it represents a stage in which European Portuguese established a new paradigm that favoured standard responses and pragmatic solidarity. However, this variety is still inclined to pragmatic distance, for the data reveal that it has also come up with new strategies to maintain deference as the unmarked politeness strategy.

scholarly journals Ajuntamento de fontes para a história do português popular brasileiro: amores, desamores e outras espécies de dores

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-230
Author(s):  
Klebson Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
White Men ◽  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
History Of ◽  
Linguistic Reality

Although Popular and Standard Brazilian Portuguese share the same norm continuum, the linguistic reality in Brazil is polarized and plural and the boundaries between them has not been well clarified yet. Thus the work of reconstruction of their history cannot follow the same directions. The history of literacy is a history of few, a history of white men, a history of the flower of society. In this particular case, the archives are usually sufficiently generous. Differently, investigating the Popular Brazilian Portuguese is dealing with record dispersion and, above all, with problems that involve questions related to collecting and editing the poverty of material to be of some usefulness. The present work aims at examining these source problems, starting from the observation of documents written in the scope of a black brotherhood during the nineteenth century in Salvador, painted boards from the eighteenth to the twentieth century, that constitute a sort of votive practical and, finally, letters of “cangaceiros”, from the beginning of the twentieth century.

Cowboys and Religion before Cowboy Church

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie W. Dallam
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Real World ◽  
The Real ◽  
Camp Meetings ◽  
Religious Lives

Chapter 2 examines what is known about the religious lives of cowboys prior to the existence of organized forms of cowboy Christianity. Moving from the end of the Civil War through the mid-twentieth century, this chapter traces the twists and turns of cowboy life, both real and imagined, and explores various ways that religion has intersected with that history. It begins by outlining the work of cowboys in the second half of the nineteenth century and then turns to the noninstitutional means to evangelize to cowboys—in the form of wandering cowboy preachers and annual camp meetings—that were required to meet the cowboys’ lifestyle and work. The chapter then chronicles the rise and construction of the romantic image of the cowboy against the decline in the real-world cowboy profession, describing some of the uses, in entertainment and evangelism, that this image of the cowboy was put to.

The Transformation of Cotton Marketing in the Late Nineteenth Century: Alexander Sprunt and Son of Wilmington, N. C., 1884–1956

1981 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Killick
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Dust Storm ◽  
New South ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cotton Crop ◽  
The Real ◽  
Corporate Organization ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
North And South

Historians of the New South will find in Professor Killick's essay, based on the business archives of an important fin-de-siécle and early-twentieth-century cotton marketing enterprise, further powerful proof that the real story can only come from informed, sympathetic studies of what private men of affairs were accomplishing behind the dust storm of political demagogy that marked most public utterances, North and South, on southern problems in this era. Real entrepreneurship sprang up to give the marketing of the cotton crop a directness and an efficiency that ineffectual antebellum southern leaders had only dreamed of. This torch of enterprise was successfully passed, moreover, from a dying family firm to a more modern corporate organization, headed by even more skilled marketers who had learned well the lessons of their predecessors and were well prepared to flourish in the vastly changed post-1929 world. The stereotype of the prolonged backwardness of the South after 1877 is further discredited in this essay, which, significantly, is written from the far side of the Atlantic, where marketing of the cotton crop was always the most important aspect of its history.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document